Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
gave work to settlers and travel. offered 160 Free to any head of the household. (1862)
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, insects, NA raids, crop growing
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Expensive,
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
vicious economic cycle, prices for crops were falling, and banks were foreclosing
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
movement of the common people-demanded reforms to lift debt of farmers.
increase in money supply, graduated income tax (more $ you make- more you pay in taxes), Federal loan program, single terms for presidents, secret ballot (voting is in secret), 8 hour work day, restriction on immigration.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
wealth of resources, govt support for business (laissez-fairre), growing urban population supplied cheap labor and markets for new products
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phongraph, lightbulb, radio, motion pictures, x-ray
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
easier way to get to the west, brought available land, new start, deaths from several effects, trade
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
farmers- misuse of land that was supposed to be given to farmers, kept farmers in debt with high fixed prices
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
Grangers- group of poor people fighting against railroads, laws set up in response to the abuses by the railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887-made to regulate to regulate railroad industry and prevent railroad monopolies. Help farmers to get out of debt.
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
gave work to settlers and travel. offered 160 Free to any head of the household. (1862)
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, insects, NA raids, crop growing
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Expensive,
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
vicious economic cycle, prices for crops were falling, and banks were foreclosing
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
movement of the common people-demanded reforms to lift debt of farmers.
increase in money supply, graduated income tax (more $ you make- more you pay in taxes), Federal loan program, single terms for presidents, secret ballot (voting is in secret), 8 hour work day, restriction on immigration.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
wealth of resources, govt support for business (laissez-fairre), growing urban population supplied cheap labor and markets for new products
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phongraph, lightbulb, radio, motion pictures, x-ray
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
easier way to get to the west, brought available land, new start, deaths from several effects, trade
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
farmers- misuse of land that was supposed to be given to farmers, kept farmers in debt with high fixed prices
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
Grangers- group of poor people fighting against railroads, laws set up in response to the abuses by the railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887-made to regulate to regulate railroad industry and prevent railroad monopolies. Help farmers to get out of debt.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
moved to USA in 1846, entered the steel industry in 1873 (Carnegie Steel), opened first steel mill in 1875.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
first job as assistant book keeper, June 1870 Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
process of natural selection applied to business-used to explain how human society was evolving
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Monopoly-one company controls almost all business doing the same service
Vertical: Buying your own products to control, and raw materials
Horizontal: combining with companies to make similar products
-How did the government try to regulate business?
sherman Anti-trust act, Doctrine of Laissez Faire (market place couldn't be regulated because it was controlled by natural law)
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
group of workers joining together for a certain cause. to get better working conditions-fewer hours, better pay, etc.
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
Not at first. people did not take them seriously and would just hire others who would would work for less. As they became more poplular things started to change. Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Affair (ended killing many people and slowed down the labor movement), Homestead Strike (held people captive from June 29-July 12)
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
would come temporarily for money then return, better life, religious reasons, pushed out of country, gold.
Where did immigrants come from?
western and northern Europe-Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. China and Mexico, Japan, Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
small confined areas-disease spread quickly on steam ships, lice, unsanitary conditions, no exercise
Had to pass inspections to be allowed into the country, physical and monetary and hard questioning, Ellis Island, find a place to live, get a job.
language/culture barriers
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
religious beliefs, literacy tests, languages, thought they were taking jobs from them, racists
-Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882-1943 banned all entry to Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. 1902 all entry was banned untill 1943
-Gentlemen's agreement- Japan's government limited emigration of unskilled workers in exchange for no segregation
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
cheaper, steady jobs, schools, common religion, culture, tradition, and language, farmers moved because of job loss
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
housing-had to share, in 1879 passed laws for airshafts, garbage pickup, plumbing; transportation-mass transit, 1873 street cars, 1897 subways; Water- filtration in 1870's, chlorination in 1908; Sanitation-sewage, manure, smoke, garbage; Crime-police force in 1844; Fire-water, woodhousing, candles, 1900 full time fire department, 1874 automatic fire sprinkler, replace wood housing
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Jane Adams-started settlement houses, racial justice
Social Gospel Movement-preached salvation to the people, reached out to the people that were living in poverty.
Police force, fire department
Ch. 7.3
Guilded age-covered in gold, looked good on the outside
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
group of people who organize activities of a political party offered services to voters and business in exchange of support. Base=workers and captains who gained support, ward bosses, city boss, political boss.
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
head of the New York Democtatic Political Machine-Tammany Hall. accused of 120 counts of fraud.
Tweed Ring- 1869 and 1871 corrupt group of polititians, were given the extra money that taxpayers paid
What caused all this corruption in government?
What laws came about to reform government?
Pendleton Civil Service Act-required government officials to prove they were worthy through examination
Ulysses S. Grant- status quo, Rutherford B. Hayes- reform, James Garfield-status quo turned reform, Chester Arthur-status quo turned reform, Grover Cleveland- reform, Benjamin Harrison-status quo, Grover Cleveland- reform and William Mckinley-status quo were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president(stalwarts)?
Halfbreeds-reform Stalwarts-Status quo
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Skyscrapers(steel), electric transit, bridges brought cities closer together, parks, literacy increased 90%, cheap paper
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
moved to USA in 1846, entered the steel industry in 1873 (Carnegie Steel), opened first steel mill in 1875.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
first job as assistant book keeper, June 1870 Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
process of natural selection applied to business-used to explain how human society was evolving
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Monopoly-one company controls almost all business doing the same service
Vertical: Buying your own products to control, and raw materials
Horizontal: combining with companies to make similar products
-How did the government try to regulate business?
sherman Anti-trust act, Doctrine of Laissez Faire (market place couldn't be regulated because it was controlled by natural law)
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
group of workers joining together for a certain cause. to get better working conditions-fewer hours, better pay, etc.
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
Not at first. people did not take them seriously and would just hire others who would would work for less. As they became more poplular things started to change. Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Affair (ended killing many people and slowed down the labor movement), Homestead Strike (held people captive from June 29-July 12)
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
would come temporarily for money then return, better life, religious reasons, pushed out of country, gold.
Where did immigrants come from?
western and northern Europe-Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. China and Mexico, Japan, Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
small confined areas-disease spread quickly on steam ships, lice, unsanitary conditions, no exercise
Had to pass inspections to be allowed into the country, physical and monetary and hard questioning, Ellis Island, find a place to live, get a job.
language/culture barriers
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
religious beliefs, literacy tests, languages, thought they were taking jobs from them, racists
-Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882-1943 banned all entry to Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. 1902 all entry was banned untill 1943
-Gentlemen's agreement- Japan's government limited emigration of unskilled workers in exchange for no segregation
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
cheaper, steady jobs, schools, common religion, culture, tradition, and language, farmers moved because of job loss
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
housing-had to share, in 1879 passed laws for airshafts, garbage pickup, plumbing; transportation-mass transit, 1873 street cars, 1897 subways; Water- filtration in 1870's, chlorination in 1908; Sanitation-sewage, manure, smoke, garbage; Crime-police force in 1844; Fire-water, woodhousing, candles, 1900 full time fire department, 1874 automatic fire sprinkler, replace wood housing
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Jane Adams-started settlement houses, racial justice
Social Gospel Movement-preached salvation to the people, reached out to the people that were living in poverty.
Police force, fire department
Ch. 7.3
Guilded age-covered in gold, looked good on the outside
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
group of people who organize activities of a political party offered services to voters and business in exchange of support. Base=workers and captains who gained support, ward bosses, city boss, political boss.
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
head of the New York Democtatic Political Machine-Tammany Hall. accused of 120 counts of fraud.
Tweed Ring- 1869 and 1871 corrupt group of polititians, were given the extra money that taxpayers paid
What caused all this corruption in government?
What laws came about to reform government?
Pendleton Civil Service Act-required government officials to prove they were worthy through examination
Ulysses S. Grant- status quo, Rutherford B. Hayes- reform, James Garfield-status quo turned reform, Chester Arthur-status quo turned reform, Grover Cleveland- reform, Benjamin Harrison-status quo, Grover Cleveland- reform and William Mckinley-status quo were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president(stalwarts)?
Halfbreeds-reform Stalwarts-Status quo
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Skyscrapers(steel), electric transit, bridges brought cities closer together, parks, literacy increased 90%, cheap paper
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
not a lot of school age children received formal schooling, most children went to school but dropped out in 4 years and most didn’t go to high school, some states passed a law that required students b/w 8 and 14 to go to school for 12-16 weeks annually, the curriculum required reading writing and arithmetic, physical punishment and strict rules made most of the students scared and miserable, students started attending school at a younger age, #of kindergarteners went from 200(in 1880) to 3,000(in 1900), 62% of whites went to school, by the 1900’s more than half a million students went to high school, the curriculum expanded to include science and social studies, african americans were pretty much excluded from public education, less than 1% of african americans attended high school in 1890, 2/3 went to private schools, immigrants were encouraged to go to school, about 10 million european immigrants settled in the united states, immigrants mostly sent their children to america’s free public schools, The Catholics were concerned about their language because most public school systems had bibles written in the King James Version, Catholic Community schools gave their children a Catholic Education, Adult immigrants went to night school so they could learn english and become an american citizen, not all of high school students actually received their diploma
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
in southern states blacks couldn't vote, poll tax, Grandfather Clause-if grandfather could vote before 1867-all whites could vote
Jim Crow Laws-whites and blacks were seperated in public areas
Mexicans were hired more than any other ethnicity- 1902 National Reclamation Act gave government assistance for irrigation systems
Peonage-bound laborers in slavery-1905 violation of the constitution
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
1896-supreme court ruled that segregation was legal-went against the 14th amendment saying no one can be denied-Established "Seperate but Equal (Unequal in reality) lasted for around 60 years
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, spectator sports, basebal, fine arts, fiction books, urban shopping, department stores
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
to bring change to the world, protecting social welfare- soften conditions of factories, Social Gospel movement, promoting moral improvement-improving lives of the poor people creating economic welfare-socialism (government owns and controls capital) fostering efficiency- made society and workplace more efficient
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition? banning of alcohol. undermining american morals. Women's Christian Temperance Union-urged saloons to stop selling, Carrie Nation's hatchetations
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
exercise, aid to homeless and poor,
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
government owns and controls capital
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life. people began demanding change
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
city councils for natural disasters, etc by 1917, 500 cities were doing this, eventually council managers were elected
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
Break down into smaller parts, assembly lines, increased pay, reduced hours. child labor laws
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
10 hour days, child labor laws,
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
Illinios Factory Act-prohibited child labor
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
enforced 10 hour work day for everyone
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
minimum wage laws were passed
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
17th Amendment, 19th amendment(women's vote), recall-impeachment, referendum-people would vote on the bill, initiative-allows people to start a bill, direct primary, secret ballot
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
1913, let people elect senators, more of a voice, laws, election legislature, increased women into the public
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
go to college, factories created more jobs w/better pay
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
false 14th and 15th amendments, deserved the right because black men did,
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Susan B. Anthony- founded the National Women Suffrage Association, Elizabeth Cady Stanton-introduced 19th amendment to California
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
Square Deal, broke up trusts "trust buster"
-Square Deal
represents a fair bargain explaining all sides of an argument, helped him win 1904 election, gives everyone a fair chance
-Breaking up strikes
1905 coal strike, broken up by Roosevelt, gave them a raise, fewer hours, gave up demand to strike for 3 years
-Regulating railroads
federal regulation of railroads, passed acts, Interstate Commerce Act-enforced by TR, Elkins Act-1903 banned officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads, Hepburn Act-limited
-Regulating food and drugs
Meat Inspecting Act made strict requirements for meatpackers to be more cleanly, the government had to pay for the inspecting and the company did not have to label date-of-processing, Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906 which halted the sale of contaminated food which called for truth in labeling
-Conservation
saving natrual resouces and saving land..before Roosevelt nobody paid attention to natural resouces late 19th century people were careless and did not help with the enviroment several natural parks..BIG ON CONSERVATION!! he had a love for nature
-Civil Rights
nobody really cared abotu civil rights. african americans made an association of the colored poeple. Roosevelt didn't do much to help out!
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
broke up trusts, Standard Oil...railroads..postal service..passed the Payne-Aldrich Bill problems--not as outgoing BORING! promised to lower tariffs never wanted to be president
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
sep up to tax regulation that fialed to reduce tariffs on manufactured lowered certain tariffs on goods entering the US the debate over the bill caused the Republican Party to split..
-Land disputes
poeple made up thier minds that are natural resources must be conserved..
-Breaking up trusts
the Anitrust Act
-Break-up of the Republican Party
had to do with Payne Tariff Act
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Willian Taft was is the Rebuplican party..Roosevelt must democrat!! Wiklson won with only 42 percent of the popular vote..he claimed he would break up trust and expanded in the government
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
made national banking system, limited work day to 8 hours, federal reserve act, lead up in World War I, Federal Trade Commision, caused segregation of black and white in D.C., military, and federal government
-Breaking up trusts
Federal Trade Commision, and Clayton Anti-trust Act
-Underwood Tariff
1913, worked hard to reduce tariffs rate, reduced overall tariffs to approximately 25%, eliminated tax entirely on steel, wool, clothing, and sugar, and created a federal income tax
-16th Amendment
allows congress to tax citizens so the government can make money, larger income tax rate were taxed higher that lower income rates, government was receiving more money from taxes than they ever had from tariffs
-Federal Reserve System
allowed private banking system, federal banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, this saved a lot of people from losing their money and having banks closing
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
wilson promised to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching, federal antilynching legislation failed and Washington DC was segregated
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
in southern states blacks couldn't vote, poll tax, Grandfather Clause-if grandfather could vote before 1867-all whites could vote
Jim Crow Laws-whites and blacks were seperated in public areas
Mexicans were hired more than any other ethnicity- 1902 National Reclamation Act gave government assistance for irrigation systems
Peonage-bound laborers in slavery-1905 violation of the constitution
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
1896-supreme court ruled that segregation was legal-went against the 14th amendment saying no one can be denied-Established "Seperate but Equal (Unequal in reality) lasted for around 60 years
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, spectator sports, basebal, fine arts, fiction books, urban shopping, department stores
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
to bring change to the world, protecting social welfare- soften conditions of factories, Social Gospel movement, promoting moral improvement-improving lives of the poor people creating economic welfare-socialism (government owns and controls capital) fostering efficiency- made society and workplace more efficient
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition? banning of alcohol. undermining american morals. Women's Christian Temperance Union-urged saloons to stop selling, Carrie Nation's hatchetations
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
exercise, aid to homeless and poor,
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
government owns and controls capital
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life. people began demanding change
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
city councils for natural disasters, etc by 1917, 500 cities were doing this, eventually council managers were elected
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
Break down into smaller parts, assembly lines, increased pay, reduced hours. child labor laws
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
10 hour days, child labor laws,
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
Illinios Factory Act-prohibited child labor
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
enforced 10 hour work day for everyone
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
minimum wage laws were passed
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
17th Amendment, 19th amendment(women's vote), recall-impeachment, referendum-people would vote on the bill, initiative-allows people to start a bill, direct primary, secret ballot
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
1913, let people elect senators, more of a voice, laws, election legislature, increased women into the public
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
go to college, factories created more jobs w/better pay
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
false 14th and 15th amendments, deserved the right because black men did,
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Susan B. Anthony- founded the National Women Suffrage Association, Elizabeth Cady Stanton-introduced 19th amendment to California
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
Square Deal, broke up trusts "trust buster"
-Square Deal
represents a fair bargain explaining all sides of an argument, helped him win 1904 election, gives everyone a fair chance
-Breaking up strikes
1905 coal strike, broken up by Roosevelt, gave them a raise, fewer hours, gave up demand to strike for 3 years
-Regulating railroads
federal regulation of railroads, passed acts, Interstate Commerce Act-enforced by TR, Elkins Act-1903 banned officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads, Hepburn Act-limited
-Regulating food and drugs
Meat Inspecting Act made strict requirements for meatpackers to be more cleanly, the government had to pay for the inspecting and the company did not have to label date-of-processing, Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906 which halted the sale of contaminated food which called for truth in labeling
-Conservation
saving natrual resouces and saving land..before Roosevelt nobody paid attention to natural resouces late 19th century people were careless and did not help with the enviroment several natural parks..BIG ON CONSERVATION!! he had a love for nature
-Civil Rights
nobody really cared abotu civil rights. african americans made an association of the colored poeple. Roosevelt didn't do much to help out!
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
broke up trusts, Standard Oil...railroads..postal service..passed the Payne-Aldrich Bill problems--not as outgoing BORING! promised to lower tariffs never wanted to be president
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
sep up to tax regulation that fialed to reduce tariffs on manufactured lowered certain tariffs on goods entering the US the debate over the bill caused the Republican Party to split..
-Land disputes
poeple made up thier minds that are natural resources must be conserved..
-Breaking up trusts
the Anitrust Act
-Break-up of the Republican Party
had to do with Payne Tariff Act
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Willian Taft was is the Rebuplican party..Roosevelt must democrat!! Wiklson won with only 42 percent of the popular vote..he claimed he would break up trust and expanded in the government
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
made national banking system, limited work day to 8 hours, federal reserve act, lead up in World War I, Federal Trade Commision, caused segregation of black and white in D.C., military, and federal government
-Breaking up trusts
Federal Trade Commision, and Clayton Anti-trust Act
-Underwood Tariff
1913, worked hard to reduce tariffs rate, reduced overall tariffs to approximately 25%, eliminated tax entirely on steel, wool, clothing, and sugar, and created a federal income tax
-16th Amendment
allows congress to tax citizens so the government can make money, larger income tax rate were taxed higher that lower income rates, government was receiving more money from taxes than they ever had from tariffs
-Federal Reserve System
allowed private banking system, federal banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, this saved a lot of people from losing their money and having banks closing
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
wilson promised to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching, federal antilynching legislation failed and Washington DC was segregated
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