Civil Rights Terms
NAACP-In 1901, an African-American civil rights organization was made to help all people to have political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights.
Martin Luther King Jr.-A nonviolent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. He receiver awards for his role in ending racial conflicts and made a famous speech.
Malcolm X- Also known as Malcolm Little, was an African-American Muslim minister, speaker, and activist. Very courageous and spoke his mind on how white people were treating black people.
Jackie Robinson-The first black major league baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. His becoming of a baseball player helped end racial segregation.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka-(1954) Decided and laws made by the US Supreme Court to make public schools for white and black people unconstitutional. This knocked out the Plessy vs. Ferguson. Also, said racial segregation was not following the fourteenth amendment.
De-segregating the US Military-Eisenhower was short of replacement troops for the military units so he told the African-Americans that they could pick up a gun and join the white men. Also, Truman in 1948 ordered integration, which was a major step in civil rights.
Little Rock 9- Nine students who attended Little Rock Central Highschool in Arkansas after the crisis that happened. Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Dr. Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls Lanier, Minnijean Brown Trickey, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed-Wair and Melba Pattillo Beals were at first not accepted into the school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus. But when Eisenhower intervened, the kids were then allowed to.
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott-Rosa Parks was an African-American Seamstress who sat on a bus and refused to move for a white person. The Boycott was when African-Americans did not ride any buses and found other ways to where they wanted to go. This boycott lasted for over a year, but was a success. (In Alabama, this was now illegal in 1956 to segregate on buses.)
Greensboro sit-ins- Nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina at Woolworth’s Store. Led to Woolworth’s changing the policy of racial segregation. Four students named Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Jr. and David Richmond sat down in this store at a white person’s table, ordered, and stayed until store closed. The next day, more people came and joined in on it. The upside to all of this was that they got the government’s attention.
Freedom Rides- Freedom Riders are civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision of Boynton v. Virginia. This happened in 1960.
Birmingham, Alabama—1963-The 16th Street Baptist Chuch in Birmingham was bombed on September 15, 1963. (Killed four girls.) After this happened, it opened eyes and the Civil Rights Movement helped and the bombing helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Mississippi Summer Project( Freedom Summer project)-A campaign in June 1964 to try to get as many African-American voters in Mississippi. Also, set up Freedom Schools and Freedom Houses.
Selma, Alabama—1965-March 7, 1965 was the first march in Selma. Civil Rights marchers were beaten by police with gas and clubs. The second march was March 9. The Third march made it to Montogmery and lasted five days! (51 miles away.)
Voting Rights Act of 1965-Passed by Lyndon Johnson. This outlawed discriminatory voting practices after the Civil War.
Civil Rights Act of 1964-Outlawed discrimination of black and white people. This act also ended unequal voting registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplace and facilities in the general public.
Stokely Carmichael-(Kwame Ture) was a Trinidadian-American black activist in the American Civil Rights Movement. He was a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Prime minister of the Black Panther Party. He later became apart of movements such as the black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements. “Black Power” was known by him.
Black Panthers-was an African-American revolutionary leftist organization. This was active from 1966 to 1982. “Black Power” Movement. This called for initially to protect African American neighborhoods.
Affirmative action-To promote equal opportunity. Also, to make sure minority groups inside a society are included in programs.
Jesse Jackson-An American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. Also a president candidate in 1984 and ’88. Also a shadow senator for the District of Columbia in 1991. He was known to be the most important black leader with 15% vote.
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