The Nile River
- Located in Africa and goes through Egypt
- necessary for farming
- used for traveling
- 4,150 miles long
- would flood every year from July-November river used for transportation
- flooding was important because it brought new rich soil for the Egyptian
- washed away all of the wast
- surrounding seas protected them from was and disease
- flooding was important because it brought new rich soil for the Egyptian
- contains deposits of granite, sandstone, and limestone which were used for building materials
- Crops: barley leeks, garlic, wheat,lentils,turnips, plums, cabbage, ect.
- used sickles to cut grain; tied them into bundles and carried them away
- wheat=bread, barley= alcohol, flax linen, cloth
- Religion: Polytheistic religion- Multiple Gods
- Built Pyramids
- Traveled in large boats
- economy depended mostly on farms
- Social Structure
- King
- Ruling Class
- Craftsman
- Farmers
- Marginalized Groups- normal citizens
- Slaves
Mesopotamia
- area in the middle east with different little broken cities
- River cities: Mari, Babylon, ect.
- UrukNippur
- one of the first cities
- 5000 BCE
- 50-80 thousand people largest city at the time
- considered a sacred group
- 5000-25000 BCE
- Nineveh
- oldest city
- 6000 BCE
- 3000 BCE they were very religious
- How the river worked Geography
- 2 rivers: Tigris and Euphrates
- valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates was known as the land "between the rivers" in Greek
- Soil was very rich
- in Iraq
- mainly desert in north...marshes, lagoons, and mudflats in the south
- south got a lot of rain
- crops were mainly grown in south
- 5800 sq mile area
- Traded: Animals, ine. donkeys, ect.
- 4000- 6000 BCE
- Culture
- Used cuneiform to write
- used 60 numeral system.
- they used advanced math and invented the wheel
- Religion
- thought world was flat and it was surrounded be a vast hollow space
- the sea was all around the earth top bottom and sides
- believed in many gods
- Patriarchal society
- Sports
- hunting
- wrestling
- Polo, but with men sitting on the shoulders of other men,
- Majore- like rugby
- Government
- Monarchy
- first code of laws
- they believed that their rulers were descendants of gods
- broken up into a city-state system
Indus River
- Geography
- "Father of Rivers"
- Tibetan Plateau
- South Asia
- north of Himalayas
- The Indus Valley people people had deserts and mountains protecting them naturally
- 1000 miles apart
- Culture
- Hinduism
- born into social classes-classes never changed
- women were valued- made the kids
- When kids grew old they took on the parents' jobs
- Highly organized agriculture
- animals were a source of food
- trade was a big part of culture
- Harappa
- biggest and first city
- Three classes
- Religion elite
- trading class
- the poor workers
- Sarasvati river
Mehenjo-Daro
- Divided into 2 portions
- Citadel was the lower city
- called the public bath
- had sanitation places and made there own
- Citadel was the lower city
China
- Civilization
- Anyang was built mainly of wood
- rich people lived in timber framed houses and poor people lived in huts outside the city
Geography
- Yellow river is yellow from the silt
- 10% of China's land is suitable for farming
Culture
- Yellow River- Mother River
- Yellow River civilization is the Yuan Dynasty in Glittering gems
Importance
- supplies water to 155 million people or 12% of Chinese population and irrigates 18 million acres or 15% of China's farmland
- provides China's local pop. with drinking water
Mesopotamian - The Babylonian Empire
- Powerful state in ancient world
- most fertile and rich parts of the ancient world
- kings are called first dynasty of Babylon
- Babylon is the capital
- Jew were held there for 70 years
- Babylon means "Gate of Gods"
- Babylon is located in the land of Shinar
- Babylonia was an ancient empire that was in the Near East in southern Mesopotamia in between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers
- Babylonia was a long, narrow country about 40 miles wide and an area of about 8,000 square miles
- was from 606-536 BC
- death penalty
- the death penalty was prescribed for theft, murder, adultery, kidnapping, rape, the receipt of stolen property from a temple or a palace, and for a false accusation of a capital crime
- marriage
- marriage was only legal when recorded in writing
- the penalty for adultery was death
- married women were permitted to own property
- 3100 BC - 2890 BC
- it was during the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
- the first dynasty was founded in the Lower Kingdom of Egypt
- the capital at this time was Memphis
- It was founded by the Egyptian Pharaoh Narmer
- Narmer is known as the first pharaoh in Egypt
- Pharaoh Narmer is also known for reuniting the two kingdoms of Egypt
- the Narmer Palette was made
- the shield was one of the first objects to have Egyptian hieroglyphic writing on it
- there is no definite ending, so many historian combine dynasties 1 and 2
- historians obtain this information from tombs
- The Nile - The Second Dynasty
- 2890 BC - 2686 BC
- it was during the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
- the capital at this time was Thinis
- Hotepsekhemwy was the founder of the Second Dynasty of Egypt
- the last pharaoh of the Second Dynasty was Khasekhemwy
- he married Nemathap, ending the Second Dynasty
- their marriage strengthened the unity of the Upper Kingdom and the Lower Kingdom of Egypt.
- their son, Djoser, was the first pharaoh of the Third Dynasty
- the Third Dynasty started the New Kingdom Period in Egypt.
- The Indus
- arose about 2500 BC
- there has been 1056 settlements found
- two major cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
- they are called the Harappan culture
- People who developed the civilization are unknown
- advanced in technology
- created first known sanitation system
- strong and stable gov't
- written language - undeciphered
- The Yellow River Civilization (China)
- Shang Dynasty
- formed 1600 - 1046 BC
- first family of Chinese rulers that left written records
- built palaces and tombs
- ruled Yellow River Valley in 2nd millennium BC defeating the Xia (shyah) Dynasty
- Capital : Anyang
- Language : Old Chinese
- Religion: Chinese Folk Religion
- Gov't : Monarchy
- civilization was based on agriculture, lots of hunting and animal care
- they fought a lot of wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic people who raised animals
- court rituals were performed at the court to honor spirits, people were often buried alive with the royal corpse
- Shang tang was the last leader of the last Yin Dynasty
- he committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou
- Mesopotamian
- Assyrian Empire
- ended in 612 BC when the capital city nineveh was invaded by an allied force of Babyloians, Meded, Sclythians, and Susianians
- the king was killed during the siege
- Babyloians took over there area shortly afterward
- was the strongest empire after the fall of the Assyrian Empire
- Babylonia soon became a part of the Persian Empire
- Persian Babylonia
Persian Empire
- The Persian Empire fell to Alexandre the Great after a long military campaign around 332 BC
- it became a part of the Greek Empire
Nile river valley
- Nubia and Egypt were the 2 biggest river valley civilizations by the Nile river
- Around 2040-1640 BC the Egyptian people started making trade foruted through Nubia
- as Time progressed the routes expanded and eventually Egypt too over Nubia
- Egypt is still around today
Indus valley
- People don't really know wat happened to it
- historians believe there may have been a huge climate change
- others believe that the river had a current change an parts of the Indu region were flooded
Yellow River
- Xia Dynasty
- the fall of the Xia is blamed of its last king who fell in love with and evil woman and became a tyrant
- people rebelled against leadership
- Shang Dynasty
- ended when King Zhou killed his own son and murdered his ministers
- Zhou killed himself
A lot of empires that rose and fell in the early civilizations. Many were able to survive but most died out/ ended
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