April 8, 2013

Test is Friday

1st Coalition

1792-1797
Fought against revolting/revolutionizing France, and many other European countries.
Was the first major effort of multiple European monarchies to contain Revolutionary France.
France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy of Austria on 20 April 1792, and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later (Marie Antoinette--Austria)

Countries Involved

First Coalition against France 1792-1797

Habsburg Monarchy
Holy Roman Empire
Prussia (until 1795)
Great Britain--**they were the ones who set up the monarchy in France and they wanted to keep it
French Royalists
Spain (until 1795)
Portugal
- These countries liked the idea of a monarchy.
Opposing Side 1789-1799
French Republic
Spain (until 1796)
Batavian Republic (from 1795)
French satellite states
Polish Legions (from 1795)
- These countries were very against the monarchy.

1st Coalition

This war started off as France as the aggressor, even though many people assumed differently.
At the beginning, France suffered some defeats by other countries and some issues with loyalists (internal issues)
Their response was to increase their size of their army.
They made all men ages 18 to 25, "draftable" to fight in the war.

France against Coalition

However, the French were able to regroup and do much better fighting off the coalition.
A few countries quit fighting against France in 1795. (Prussia and Spain even switched sides, like USSR did in WWII.)
Finally in 1797, Great Britain was the only country still fighting against the France.
They quickly quit and France had Prevailed.

Why is America happy with France----The war of 1812

Results of the War

French victory
Treaty of Campo Formio -Survival of the French Republic
French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands
Several French client republics established (sister countries)
Hostilities resume in 1798 with the formation of a Second Coalition against France.

Treaty of Campo Formio

With the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the Austrian Netherlands to France and Northern Italy was turned into several French "Sister Republics".

Second Coalition-who is involved, major battles, what occurred, results, why it started

Rhiana--why it started

Who is involved in the war

Kendra-Major battles

Amy - what occurred

Dalton-results

The War of the Second Coalition began in 1799 and ended in 1801. The War of the Second Coalition was the first campaign of the Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Wars included many battles when Napoleon Bonaparte was the leader of the French. During the Napoleonic wars, the French fought against many European Countries. France was determined to abolish the monarchy form of government of France.

The War of the Second Coalition was the second attempt to abolish Revolutionary France. However, for the opposing side, it was the second attempt to keep the government of France the same. Great Britain lost in the first coalition; however, they built a new coalition with Russia and Austria. Great Britain was determined to keep the government of France as a monarchy. However, France fought back, wanting to end the monarchy of France.

While France was weakening after a defeat, Europe decided to strike again against France. Turkey, England, Austria, and Russia were the main countries acting in the Second Coalition. Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and the French Royalists also took part. England was possibly the most determined to stop the French Revolution because England had set up France’s monarchy. It didn’t want France to stray from that kind of government. The countries on the other side of the Second Coalition were Spain, Denmark, Norway, the French Republic, the Polish Legions, and many French Client Republics. The Second Coalition countries attacked France through other countries like Holland, Italy, and Switzerland.

The War of the Second Coalition had several principal battles. The battle of Copenhagen was between the British fleet and Danish-Norwegian fleet. The reason this battle was fought was because the main advantage that the British had over France as well as other countries was their successful naval fleet. Vice-admiral Horatio Nelson led the attack and his action resulted in the destruction of many Dano-Norwegian ships. This was considered to be Nelson’s hardest fought battle. In the Battle of the Nile, Nelson came upon the French fleet on the coast of Egypt

In an attempt by the Europeans to eliminate France, the Europeans formed an alliance. The second coalition restored Europeans confidence in Britain so they decided to attack France.

Order of Events

July 14th 1789
- Storming of the Bastille-see your research. Know that France lost their governor, secretary of state, and the "mayor" of Paris.
July 17th 1789
- The Great Fear-the peasantry revolt against feudalism and a number of urban disturbances and revolts. Many members of the aristocracy flee Paris to become emigres.
  - emigres-someone who has migrated out of an area voluntarily..Emigrant accent on both e's
August 26, 1789
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is adopted by the assembly COMPARABLE TO OUR BILL OF RIGHTS
- is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal

Legislative Assembly

Late 1789
Emigres are required to return back to Paris with the threat of death if they didn't return
King is still scared to return so he removes the idea that they have to come back.
This allows for new blood (3rd estate) to become part of the legislative assembly.

Women's March on Versailles

Also known as The October March, The October Days, or simply The March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789, were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread.
The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands and, encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles.
The nest day, the crowd compelled the king, his family, and most of the French Assembly to return with them to Paris.
These events effectively ended the independent authority of the king.

National Convention

comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly of France and sat from September 20, 1792 to October 26, 1795.
It held executive power in France during the first years of the French First Republic.
The republic ended in 1804 when Napoleon changed it to the First French Empire.

December 3, 1792

Louis XVI is brought in front of the courts for trial.
Robespierre, a leader in the French Revolution, utters the famous phrase that "Louis XVI must die so that the country can live."

June 24, 1793

Ratification of new Constitution by National Convention, but not yet proclaimed. Slavery is not abolished in France until 1802
1802 is around the rise of power for Napoleon and he thinks that slavery is a good deal for France.

Reign of Terror

September 5 1793 - July 28 1794
was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions.
Mass executions of "enemies of the revolution"
The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in Summary executions across France--an execution where there is no due process, no hearing, no trial, and the person is killed within four hours, methods of execution consisted of guillotine, being pulled limb by limb by oxen, and decapitated by sword.

Research

What countries in Europe tried to defeat the French during the French Revolution? Why?

While France wanted to overthrow King Louis XVI, other countries wanted France to remain under the French First Republic government. Austria and Prussia wanted Louis XVI to re-establish himself in power; however, the French wanted to overthrow Louis XVI. In 1793, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Great Britain, and the United Provinces fought against France for approximately 23 years. However, in the late 1790’s, France defeated the allies. The second coalition consisted of Austria, Russia, Turkey, the Vatican, Naples, and Portugal. Then, on June 22, 1799, Britain joined the countries against France, to continue to fight in order to defeat the French. However, France continued to fight for a new form of government.

1 paragraph individually

October 15, 1793

Queen Marie Antoinette is impeached and convicted for treachery against the country, and for incest with her child, the Dauphin, and is condemned to be executed in the Place de la Revolution.
The nest day Marie Antoinette gets the guillotine.

January 21, 1793

Citizen Louis Capet guillotined, formerly known as Louis XVI.

Individually one paragraph per each

10 August 1792

September Massacres (year was 1792)

French Revolution Continues

Fun Fact: During the French Revolution, George Washington became the first president of the U.S.A

More Beginnings

Started in 1789 and lasted until 1799.
In 1700s, France and England were considered the most advanced countries in Europe and the world.
It had a large population and a great (good and bad) foreign trade.
However, much of the world did not know the extreme dept that France had occurred.

Old Regime

In the 1770's, the social and political system of France was called the Old Regime.
Under this Regime, there were 3 large social classes called estates.

First Estate

Made up of clergy of the Roman Catholic Church (priest, bishops, deacons, cardinals)
Had to pay 2 percent of their earnings to taxes
Owned 10 percent of the lands in France
Their jobs were to provide religion, education, and relief services to the poor.
Less than 1 percent of French population were in this estate.

Second Estate

This group was made up of rich nobles
They held the highest offices in the government in France.
This estate paid 0 percent of income to taxes
Owned 20 percent of the lands in France
This estate had only 2 percent of the population of France

Third Estate

Included everyone that was not in the first two estates
Had no power to influence their government in France
Had to pay 50 percent of income/food to taxes
Resented the first two classes
Owned 70 percent of the lands in France and consisted of 97 percent of the population

Enlightenment Ideals

Enlightenment is complex with many influences, for this chapter we will focus on the influence form USA.
The 3rd estate was becoming very tired of the Old Regime.
The prompted the ideals of Equality, Liberty, and Democracy.

Weak Leader

Louis XVI (married to Mare Antoinette) was a very weak leader
He was very indecisive and paid very little attention to his advisors, especially financial advisors
Marie did not help much either with constatnly expressing her opinion and the fact that she was from Austria.
He finally wanted to tax the nobles, but they were not happy there either so the Estates-General was called.

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three estates
Their goal was to approve the new tax
The meeting was held on May 5, 1789 in Versailles
It was the first time the assembly had met in 175 years
In the past, the three estates would meet separately and there would only be 1 vote per estate.
This allowed for the 1st and 2nd estate to always beat the 3rd.
The king sided with the nobles again and they were outvoted.

1 paragraph for Tennis Court Oath

1 paragraph for Storming of the Bastille.

French Revolution: The Beginnings

Cause of Revolution

There are four main causes
- Debt
- Taxation Issues
- Failure of Reform
- Famine

Debt

Debt of French Government was around 8 to 12 billion livre (their currency)
Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, spent a lot of money on very luxurious things, instead of being financially responsible
Also they still had war debts from the Seven Year's War (with England) 1756-1763
Much of their debt was compiled because they weren't exploring like their rival, England.
England was able to use the colonies as a steady source of income.
France had not completely bought into Mercantilism either at this time like England.

Taxation

France, at this time, was heavily involved in trading. (Good)
However, to be a great trading country, you cannot have high tariffs, so you need to tax heavily on your people. (Bad)
Masses of people of France, not too thrilled with this idea.. Also nobles did not pay these taxes.

Failure of Reform

Some French "economists" stated that the nobles should be included in taxation.
This plan backfired, as peasants had to pay even more than before.
France continued to stick with their economic plan even though they were continuing to go deeper and deeper into debt.

Famine

Crop failure in the 1780's didn't help much either
Supply and demand occurs here with bread.
Got to the point where peasants thought the crown had wished for them to die (conspiracy!)

Guillotine

The condemned person is secured at the bottom of the frame, with his or her neck held directly below the blade.
However, it continued to be used long after the Revolution and remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the abolition of capital punishment with the backing of President Francois Mitterrand in 1981. (a little more than 30 years ago)

Marie Antoinette

Born in Vienna, Austria
Marred Louis the XVI
Became the Queen of France
Had two sons and two daughters
Very popular with the people at the beginning of her reign
At the end of her reign, very popular.
Executed by the Guillotine

Napoleon

Military leader during the later stages fo the Revolution
Became the Emperor of the French in 1804.
Known for:
- Napoleonic Code
- Height (short)
- Battle Tactics
- Battle of Waterloo

1. Which of the four components does your group feel is the biggest reason for the French Revolution? Why? We believe that debt was the largest reason for the French Revolution because all of the other reasons for the cause of the French Revolution led to the debt.

2. Success Rate? Always Successful? The success rate was 99.7%, so they were not always successful.
3. What items did her and her husband spend money on? She spent a lot of money on clothes, jewels, and chateaux. Any kind of whim. She was expected to spend money on her attire.
4. Napoleon said, “A horse has memory, knowledge and love." Rode for pleasure and for travel. Napoleon was able to lead an army because he was a good leader. If he was on his horse, he would seem taller.

Excessive used? Reign of Terror? Period from June1793-1794 40000 people lost their heads

Ironic? Made for criminals but it ended up killing their king.

Death vs Fear? Oppression. Which is a bigger symbol for the French peasants? Both fear of doing something wrong and it lead to death.

Marie was born into France

Louis had more power

Nicknames-Austrian Whore and Madam Deficit

The Napoleonic Code — or Code Napoléon (originally, the Code civil des Français) — is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified.

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April 8, 2013

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