Monday: Took notes
Tuesday: Took notes about Germany
Wednesday: No class
Thursday: Germany notes
Friday: Germany notes
AXIS POWERS
Italy
*Italy after WWI
- Italy was allied powers in WWI
- They were very displeased with the Treaty of VersaillesItaly joined the League of Nations and was a member from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937
- wanted to get more land than they got
*Washington Naval Conference
- 5 Power pact
- Designed to prevent an arm's race
- It limited construction of battleships, aircraft cruisers
- Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers, or submarines
- 9 Power Pact
- Guaranteed Chinese independence
- Upheld the Open Door Policy
- Kellogg-Brian Pact
- Countries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes
*March on Rome - Oct. 1922
- Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party marched through Rome
- They won and took over Italy
*King Victor Emmanuel
- Did not fight Mussolini's take over in Italy
- Wanted to avoid a civil war and also wanted to keep communists out of Italy
*Established Fascism in Italy
- A government led by a strong dictator
- Stresses strong nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
- Uses intimidation to get what they want
"All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state." - Benito Mussolini
*Land and Ethiopia
- Mussolini wanted more land, down in North Africa
- Wanted the old Roman empire
- They lost Ethiopia, was an embarrassment
- In 1935 they send large forces into Ethiopia and win
*Generalissimo Francisco Franco
- Hitler and Mussolini sent troops and weapons to help Franco win the civil war against the communists
- This war served as an important training ground for Hitler's and Mussolini's troops
- Gave them experience with war and controlling troops
*Italy's goals in WWII
- Make a new Roman Empire
- Make the Mediterranean an "Italian Lake"
- Take over northern African colonies of British and France-especially Egypt
- Take over southeastern Europe, Greece, and Albania
- Take over parts of the Middle East
*Italy's defeat - 1943
- As soon as the U.S. move troops into Italy they surrender
- Join Allied powers
- German control for 2 more years
- Why did they lose?
- Italy was not prepared militarily to fight a prolonged war (Germany had to constantly bail them out)
- Italian troops were spread to thin- they were everywhere
- The people of Italy were not prepared to fight or motivated to fight. They were forced to
- Overall, Italy was just a weak country
- Mussolini was hung by his own people
- They believed he ruined the country
*Impact WWII had on Italy
- 410,000 dead - 330,000 military deaths
- Spent $94 billion
- Italy had joined the allies by 1943 so the big concern for the U.S. was making sure Italy became a democracy after the war and not fall to communism
- U.S. gave millions of dollars to Italy (Marshall Plan) to help rebuild after the war
- Became a member of NATO in 1949
- Became a member of the United Nations in 1955
Japan
Aren’t happy with how they are treated at the Paris Peace Conference
Signed the 4,5 and 9 Power pacts
Areas Japan controlled in WWII
Parts of China
French Indochina
Hong Kong
Thailand
British New Guinea
Philippines
Guam
Dutch East Indies
Malaya
Attacked but didn’t capture
Australia
British Columbia
United States
Indian Islands
Invasion of Manchuria
Start of WWII
Part of China
League of Nations condemned the action but could not take action because they didn’t have a military force
Japan dropped out of the LoN
Messages sent to aggressive countries was that a major power could get away with using force because France and GB didn’t want war
Rape of Nanking
Killing of Chinese people
300,000
Mass raping of Chinese women and girls
Mass looting and arson
War crimes trial after the war
Tripartite Pact is signed forming Axis Powers
Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact
Japan considered breaking this once Germany invaded the USSR
The USSR broke the treaty when they declared war on Japan after Hiroshima
Admiral Yamamoto
Came up with the Pearl Harbor attack plan
Wanted to knock us out of the war before we got in it
Supposed to result in trade
Turning points- 1942
Coral Sea- neither side won, considered US victory
Midway- destroyed Japan’s navy, MAGIC
- Guadalcanal- First offensive battle
- Iwo Jima - Mt. Sirubachi
- Okinawa - U.S. win
- Preparing for the Invasion of Japan
- Operation downfall
- Estimated to have over 1 million casualties
- Didn't take place because of atomic bombs
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- VJ Day - September 2, 1945
- Emperor got on Radio, ordered everyone to put down weapons
- Signed on the USS Missouri
- Potsdam Conference - July 26, 1945
- Dismantle the current govt.
- The allies will occupy Japan
- Japan will consist of only the major islands, will lose all territory gained in the war
- Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home
- There will be war crimes charged
- Democracy will be promoted
- Japan will be allowed to have industry to make money
- Allied power
- Occupation of Japan will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points
- The alternative is prompt and utter destruction
Germany
*Treaty of Versailles
- Germany lost land to:
- France
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Czechoslovakia
- Poland
- Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
- Germany was not allowed an air force
- Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
- The Rhineland was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
- Had to pay 33 billion to the allies
- Land lost was a big blow to the economy, plus war reparations put Germany in a bad place
- Had to admit full responsibility for starting the war "War guilt clause"
- Forbidden to Unite with Austria
- League of Nations set up to keep world peace
*The German Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
- There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
- The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
- German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the war again
- Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the Dolchstoss Theory (Stab in the back theory)
- Blamed the "November Criminals" (Weimer Republic) for accepting treaty
*Adolf Hitler
- Born in Austria in 1889
- Struggled in school, was abused by his Father
- Moved to Vienna Austria to try to become a painter in art school
- Struggled to survive, didn't have much money
- Moved to Germany to join army - found his calling militarily
- Joined the Nazis, his speaking skills led him to be leader of the Nazis
*Beer Hall Putsch - 1923
- Nazis gave all of their speeches in German beer halls
- This is now when Nazis try to overthrow gvt. - unsuccessful
- Has a trial, spoke of German nationalism and pride
- Judge bought it and gave him 5 years in prison
*Hitler in Prison
- Only served 9 months, was let out for good behavior
- Wrote a book called "Mein Kampf" (My struggle)
- Was a book about anti-semitism
- Against communism, Jews
*Hitler rise to Power
- Appointed Chancellor in 1933
- President Paul Von Hindenburg dies shortly after and Hitler dissolves the Weimer Republic
- Early actions of Hitler:
- Drops out of League of Nations
- Starts rearming Germany
- Rearms the German Rhineland area
*Anschluss with Austria - 1938
- Austria wanted to be a part of Germany after WWI
- Britain and France let him take over
*Sudetenland Crisis - 1938
- Re-uniting German speaking peoples
- Munich Conference - 1938
- Hitler was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
- Hitler promised that he was done taking over territories
- Hitler wanted to re-unite all German speaking people
- Became known as the "Policy of Appeasement"
- Britain and France kept giving Hitler land to appease him, wanted to avoid war
- Winston Churchill opposed appeasement, criticized Chamberlain
*Hitler takes over all of Czechoslovakia - 1939
- Now they know that Hitler is lying and making false promises
- Said the next thing he does is going to result in war
*Soviet-German non-aggression Pact
- Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
- Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
- Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland
- Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
- Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Latvia
- Germany would get Lithuania
- How did the world react?
- Shocked
- Poland was scared
- Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked
*Soviets invasion of Poland - Blitzkrieg
- Blitzkrieg - "Lightning war"
- Made them believe they didn't stand a chance, and they surrendered quickly
- Came in with airplanes, bomb high populated spots, bring in tanks, infantry
- Poland was taken over in a couple of weeks
*Sitzkrieg - The Phony War
- Everyone declared war, but nothing was going on
- Troops were preparing for a war, and waiting out winter months
- America thought the war was fake
*The "Phony War" ends
- 1939 - Poland, Czechslovakia
- 1940 - Netherlands, Belgium, Luxenberg, France, Norway, Denmark
- Paris was taken over in a month
- France's Maginot Line - impenetrable line, focused on defensive tactics
*Miracle of Dunkirk
- Dunkirk city in Belgium
- Hitler orders his troops to stop and wait for tanks
- It allowed thousands of France and British soldiers to evacuate and get back home
*Divided France
- France surrenders June, 1940
- Vichy France
- Hitler allowed them to rule this part of France
- This group was allied with the Nazis
- Helped Japanese as well
- The Free French
- Fled to Great Britain
- Based out of London
- Were our allies
- The Maquis
- Individual forming a secret society of resistance
- Put up a better fight than all the other French
*Axis Occupation of the Balkans
- Taken over, had concentration camps there as well
*Nazi Goals for Battle of Britain
- Destroy the Royal Air Force (before invasion was possible-hopefully by 9-15)
- Attack and destroy the British Navy
- Attack British troops
- Once air control was gained, the invasion of Great Britain would begin
- Germany never succeeded in achieving in #1
- Germany bombers did so poorly against the RAF that they started bombing at night only
- Britain was aided by the radar and Ultra
- RAF - Great Britain Air Force,saved Great Britain
- "Never was so much owed by so many to so few"
- Luftwaffe - German Air force
- Results
- Germany decided to focus on attacking British ships and ports and thus stopped attacking cities
- British losses - around 40,000 civilians dead, 46,000 to 139,000 injured
- German losses - 3,363 aircrew and 2,265 aircraft
- Britain won by the fact that Germany did not achieve their goals
*German Invasion of Soviet Union - June, 1941
- By winter of 1941 to Leningrad, Stalingrad, Moscow
- Stalin ordered to not retreat, they will die if they retreat
- Scorched Earth policy
- Burn everything that Hitler could use
- The Russian winter sets in and it makes a huge turning point in the war
- Battle of Stalingrad
- Worst battle in history
- Around 2 million total casualties
- Siege of Leningrad
- Germans surrounded the city
- 641,000 people died of starvation
- Finally a successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad drained necessary resources the Germans needed to continue to blockade
- Germans never took Leningrad but t was a costly conflict
*North Africa Campaign - 1942-43
- Where United States fought Germans and Italians first
- U.S. defeats Germans after 10 months
- North Africa is freed, U.S. moves into Italy
*The Italian Campaign
- Italy quickly surrendered to U.S.
- Italy was not freed, Germany was in Italy
*The Atlantic Wall
- Built by Germany
- Ran from France - Norway
- Bunkers, machine guns, posts, barbed wire
- Didn't work, but caused damage and slowed us down
*D-Day - June 6, 1944
- Crossed the Atlantic Channel and Invaded France
- Had help from other countries
*July 20, 1944 - Assassination Plot
- Massive assassination attempts of Hitler
- German people knew they wouldn't win, thought he was destroying the country
- Hitler killed or imprisoned his experienced Generals, because they thought his decisions were poor
- Major Claus von Stauffenberg
- Meeting where he would plan to kill Hitler
- Was going to be brief case with a bomb in it
- Hoping the German military would rally behind him
- These people would rise up and overtake Hitler
- They thought Hitler died from the bomb, Hitler was alive
*The Liberation of Paris
- August 25, 1944
- 2 1/2 months later Paris is free after D-Day
*Battle of the Bulge
- Hitlers last offensive
- Generals knew it wouldn't work
- U.S.'s worst battle in WW2
- Didn't work for Germany, waste of lives
*April 25, 1945
- Soviets and U.S. shake hands at the Elbe River in Germany
- Hitler commits suicide 5 days later (April, 30)
- Got married to Eva Braun shortly earlier
- Took cyanide pills and shot himself
- Stayed in his bunker in Berlin a lot at the end of the war
- Conspiracy that he escaped to Argentina
*May 8, 1945 war ends
*Nazi Propaganda
- Influence on the people
*The Holocaust
- The genocide of approximately 6 million European Jews during World War II
- A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
- Approximately 2/3 of the population of 9 million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
- Some say that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' killing of millions of people in other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
- By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people
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