April 18- April 22

[5 Tara]

April 18 (Monday)- Test day #2 

April 19 (Tuesday)- Mr. Bruns went over the decades project. My Groups Decade: 1990's. Mr. Bruns also started his Cold War presentation (Notes below) 

April 20 (Wednesday)- Mr. Bruns continued his Cold War presentation. 

April 21 (Thursday)- Work day for the decades project. 

April 22 (Friday)- Mr. Bruns went over the test and we had a work day for the decades project and about the song project. 

The Cold War: 1945- 1990 

US vs. Soviet Union 

Definition 

• A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and Soviet Union from 1945-1990 
  • Democracy vs. Communism
  • Different beliefs and ideas 
• Spread throughout the world- Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America 

• Communism vs. Democracy 
• Socialism vs. Capitalism 

History of the Soviet Union 

• Bolshevik Revolution 
• Lenin 
• Stalin 
  • Purges 
  • Collectivization 
  • Nationalization 
  • Five Year Plans 
• Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact 
• War with Germany 
• Battle of Berlin 
  • April-May 1945
• Lenin Dies
  • 1924 
• Stalin Takes Over 
  • 1927 

Causes of the Cold War 

• Different political systems 
  • US is based on democracy, capitalism, and freedom 
  • USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control 
• The Red Scare- 1919 
• Both thought their system was better and distrusted the other intentions 
• Stalin despised capitalism 
• Distrust during WWII 
• Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference 
• American fear of a communist attack (Red Scare) and USSR's fear of a US attack 
• USSR's fear of the atomic bomb 
• USSR's actions in their German zone 
• USSR's goal to spread communism around the world 

Yalta Conference-February 1945 

Before the end of World War Two Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended they agreed on:

• The establishment of the United Nations 
• Germany to be divided into four zones 
• Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe 
• Russia promised to joinn the war against Japan 

Post World War Two/Cold War Goals for USSR

• Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression 
• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa 
• Stop the spread of communism 
  • Policy of Containment 
• Wanted to create greater security for itself 
  • Lost tens of millions of people in World War Two and Stalin's purges 
  • Feared a strong Germany
• Establish defensible borders 
• Encourage friendly governments on its borders 
• Spread communism around the world 

KEY TERMS START  

• Winston Churchill "Iron Curtain" Speech- 1946 
• Domino Effect (Eisenhower)- 1954 
• Policy of Containment- 1946 

Truman Doctrine 

• In 1947 the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas 
• They appealed to American for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine 
• Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies and by 1949 had defeated the communists 

Marshall Plan 

• In 1947 US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan 
• This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the the damage caused by the war 
• There were two motives for this 
  • Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry 
  • A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism 

• Brinkmanship- 1950's-1960's
• Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction  
• Warsaw Pact- 1955-1991
  • Reaction to NATO
  • A communist alliance

NATO 

• In 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia 
• NATO was a defensive alliance 
• This was the first peacetime alliance in US History 
• It consisted of
  • America, Canada, Britain, Frace, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Italy 
  • Still around today and has expanded 

CIA vs KGB 

• Central Intelligence Agency- 1947-Present
• Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti 
  • Committee for State Security 
  • 1954-1991

Other: 

• Stalin Dies- 1953 
• Nikita Khrushchev- 1953-1964 
• Peaceful Co-existence- After 1953 
• De-Stalinization- After 1953 
• Détente- 1970's 
• Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR- 1985 

Perestroika and Glasnost- 1985 

• Perestroika-Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
  • More democracy 
  • Free elections 
• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it's people 
  • Free speech and press 

USSR's First Atomic Test- 1949 

Nuclear Powers of the World 

• United States- 1945 
• Russia- 1949 
• United Kingdom- 1952 
• France- 1960 
• China- 1964 
• India- 1974 
• Pakistan- 1998 
• North Korea- 2006 
• Israel- No confirmed test
• Iran- No confirmed test 

Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations 

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 1963 
  • Underground nuclear testing 
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- 1968
• SALT I Treaty- 1972 

JFK Signed Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 1963 

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- 1970 

• "Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology" 
• "Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy"
• "Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament"

Anti-Ballistic Missile- 1972- US'/USSR 

• Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched 
• In the 1980's, President Ronald reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 
• US withdraws in 2002 under George W. Bush 
  • Withdrew due to missile defense system 

The Ballistic Missile Defense System 

• Missile Defense Agency 
• Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attack on the US or allies 

SALT I Treaty- US/USSR- 1972 

• SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
• Limited new submarine- launched ballistic missile (SLBM) 
• Richard Nixon
  • President of the United States of America 
• L.I Brezhnev 
  • General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU 
• SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress 
  • Due to Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 1996

• Signed by President Bill Clinton 
• Not ratified by the Senate 
• Senate reasoning: 
  • "A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of America's existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee treaty compliance by all countries." 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)- 1957 

INF Treaty- 1987 

• Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (300-3,400 miles)
• USSR and US

The START Treaties

• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
• START 1- 1991
•  Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history 
• Resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence 
• The START I treaty expired in 2009 

SORT- 2003 

• Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 
• Between US and Russia 
• Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear 
• weapons was to be cut in half by 2012 
• The goal was achieved in 2007 for uS 
• Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took it's place 

New START- 2011 

• Signed by President Obama and former Russian President Medvedev
• The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half 
• A new inspection and verification system will be established 
• Lasts until 2021 

United Nations 1945-Present

KEY TERMS END

Semester Tests Questions:

The First Berlin Crisis

• June 1948- May 1949  
• In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's (US, France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshal Plan 
• The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security 
• In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector
• Stalin cut road, rail and canal linkks with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission 
• The West responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive 
• In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade 

The Second Red Scare- 1947-1957 

Causes

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial
  • Found guilty of spying for the Soviets-executed in 1953 
• The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe- 1945 
• The USSR detonating their atomic bomb- 1949 
• China becoming communist in 1949 
• The Korean War starting in 1950- Domino Effect 
• Stalin's actions in Germany- Berlin Blockade 

Alger Hiss Trial- 1950 

• In 1948, Alger Hiss was accused of being a member of a Communist group whose purpose had been to infiltrate the U.S government 
• Hiss maintained innocence throughout trials 
• In 1949, the trial ended with a hung jury- 8-4 in favor of conviction 
• The second trial began later in 1949 and found Hiss guilty 
• Hiss' conviction was later upheld by the Court of Appeals and the U.S Supreme Court 
• Hiss served five years in prison 
• In 1992, a former Soviet intelligence officer said that Hiss was not a Soviet spy, but rather a victim of Cold War hysteria

East and West Germany- 1949-1990 

Chiang Kai Shek vs. Mao Zedong

Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act) 

• Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the U.S government 
• Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government 
• Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists, Anarchists, and fascists 
• Prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until the Supreme Court decision declared law unconstitutional in 1957 

Senator Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism 

• Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin 
• In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department 
• No one in the press actually saw the names on the list, but McCarthy's announcement made national news and caused panic throughout the country 
• McCarthy became one of the most powerful people in the US 

Supporters of McCarthy 

1. Republicans 
2. Catholics
3. Conservative Protestants 
4. Blue-collar workers 
5. Joseph Kennedy and his family 

McCarthy's Downfall 

• McCarthy's downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate "communist infiltration into the military." 
• This was the final straw for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who realized that McCarthy's movement needed to be stopped 
• In late 1954, the Seniate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges 
• McCarthy died three years later due to alcoholism 

McCarthyism 

• The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence 

House Un-American Activities Committee- 1945-1975

• This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood
• The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda 
• They set up hearings to investigate the movie industry 
• Hollywood Ten 
  • Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine 

Charlie Chaplin 

US Test Hydrogen Bomb- 1952

• 1,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb 
• Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands 

USSR Launches Sputnik- 1957 

Yuri Gagarin- 1961 

• Caused US to panic 

Francis Gary Powers Shot Down in USSR- 1960 

Berlin Wall- 1961 

Why was the wall built?

• To separate the East and West Berlin

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie 

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista 

Bay of Pigs 

• Bay of Water in Cuba where battle took place 

Cuban Missile Crisis- October 1962 

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba 

The Compromise 

• The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba 
• The US would promise never to invade Cuba 
• The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within six months 

Leonid Brezhnev- 1964-1982 

Detente- 1970's 

Nixon Visits China

Nixon Visits Moscow 

Soviets Invade Afghanistan- 1979 

Ronald Reagan Becomes President- 1981 

• Ran on a very strong anti-communist platform 
• Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan  

Yuri Andropov

• USSR Leader- 1982

SDI-Strategic Defense Initiative

• 1983- Ronald Reagan- large scale funding  
• Intended to be a defensive shield against the potential Soviet threat
• Aim was to make nuclear weapons obsolete
• This would be achieved by developing technology to shoot down inter-continental ballistic missiles in space

Konstantin Cherneknko Takes Over- 1985

Berlin Wall Comes Down- November 9, 1989

Boris Yeltsin- President of Russia- 1991-1999

Post Cold War

• In the 1990's the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
• We didn't have any major threat to worry about
• 9-11 caught the US off guard

Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary join NATO- 1999

Russia vs. Ukraine- 2014-2015

• Ukraine wanted to join the European Union but leader did not want to as he was pro-Russia
• Ukrainian leader is forced out
• Russia moves troops in the Crimean Peninsula and annexes it after Crimean voters vote to approve annexation
• The United nations declares this act by Russia as illegal
• Russia invades Ukraine to protect pro-Russians in Ukraine
• Cease-fire was signed in February 2015