April 17 (Monday)- No school
April 18 (Tuesday)- Continued presentations
April 19 (Wednesday)- Continued presentations
April 20 (Thursday)- Continued presentations
April 21 (Friday)- Started Mr. Bruns presentation
Juan Ponce de Leon
Background
- Spain
- Came from noble Spanish family
- Well educated- Taught several languages, physics, geometry, math, and astronomy
- 4 kids
1st Voyage
- He heard about Christopher Columbus voyage to the New World
- In 1493, he volunteered to go along with Columbus
- Stayed at New World instead of going back
Why they started
- Heard about Christopher Columbus discoveries
- Volunteered to go along with Columbus
- Heard they had gold
- Wanted to find the Fountain of Youth
Who they sailed for
- Christopher Columbus
- King Ferdinand II of Aragon
- Spain
What they found/accomplished
- First governor of Borinquen (Puerto Rico
- Known as the first European to land in Florida
- Governmor of Higuey (Dominican Republic)
Where they explored
- Higuey (Dominican Republic)
- Borinquen (Puerto Rico)
- Bimini
Were they successful
- Discover Hispaniola then later Florida
- Became governor of Borinquen and Higuey
Bartoloomeu Dias
Background
- Portuguese
- Noble family
- Portuguese explorer
- Nothing i really known about him before 1487
Who he sailed for and why he started exploring
- Portugual
- Joao II King
- King was entranced by the legend of Prester John
- Joao was legendary Christian patriarch and king
- Joao wanted a way around the southernmost point of Africa so he sponsored him in African expedition
- Wanted to find Prester John
First Voyage
- Started in 1487 at Lisbon Portugal
- Unknowingly round to Cape of Good Hope
- In 1488 they arrived in Mossel Bay
- Turned around due to low food supplies
What they found/accomplished
- Sailed around southernmost tip of Africa reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, first European
- On return voyage he discovered what he called the Cape of Storms which was later called Cape of Good Hope
- Farthest of Portugal explores until Vasco de Gama
- Discovered that they could trade directly with India
Second Voyage
- Helped in construction of Sao Gabriel and Rafael that were used by Vasco da Gama
- Participated in Vasco da Game voyage until the Cape Verde Islands
Third Voyage
- He was one of the captains of the 2nd Indian expedition headed by Pedro Cabral
- During expedition 4 ships were wrecked with all crew lost at sea
Christoper Columbus
Background
- Genoa, Italy
- Died May 20, 1506 from heart failure
- Was 13 years old he went to the first time
Why he started exploring
- He was hoping to find a route to India so he could trade for spices
- Made 4 trips to the Caribbean and South America during 1492 and 1504
Where did Columbus explore
- "Did and didn't discover America"
- He never set foot in North America
- 4 separate trips
- Landed on various Caribbean islands that are now the Bahamas as well as Hispaniola
- Also explored Central and South America coasts
Greatest Achievement
- 1st person from Europe to discover North America
- Original hypothesis was he could sail west from Europe in order to reach Eastern Asia
- Realized he stumbled upon the land mass now known as North America than this new discovered land led to colonization
Consequences
- Many people died from disease
- Short voyages
- Led to domination of the area from Mexico to Peru
- Destruction of major civilizations
Marco Polo
Bckground
- Born in Venice Italy
- Married Donata Badoer
- 3 children
- Merchant before exploring
- Venetian nationality
- Buried in Church of San Lorenzo
Why he started exploring
- Wanted to continued in father's footsteps
Who he explored for
- Himself/Italy
- Kublai Kahn, China
What he found/accomplished
- Great wealth and complex social structure (well known)
Consequences
- Captured during the Venetian Genoese War
Interesting Stories
- Wrote the Travels of Marco Polo
- Grew to bear the name "II Milione" because of his travels
- Had great impact on Christopher Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
Background
- Florence, Italy
Why he started exploring
- Sent to Paris on diplomatic mission
Who he explored for
- Spain
- Portugal
What he found/accomplished
- 1st- voyage- 1497 ships sailed through West Indies
- 2nd voyage- 1499 He was a navigator discovered Amazon river
- 3rd- Set sail for Cape Verde believed to have discovered new continent
- 4th- Headed to Brazil didn't make new discoveries ship disappeared
- Possibly 2 more but no one knows for sure
Interesting Stories
- He learned from his uncle not college
- He trained other explorers
Vasca De Gama
- Joined the navy where he learned to navigate
- Portugal 1460
- King John II/King Manuel
- Seized French ship
- Wanted to conquer Islam
- 1st- Set off to find route to India
- Captained 4 vessels
- St. Gabriel
- Sailing along Atlantic coast
- Eastern coast of Africa
- Had to take a break
- Fleet reached Kenya
- Reached Calicut, India
- Welcomed by Hindu people
- Thought they were Christians
- Muslim traders were hostile forced them to leave
- Returned to portugal
- 54 of 170 survived
- 2nd- Gruesome massacre
- 10 ships terrorized the Muslim
- Crew set Muslim ship on fire killing several hundred people
- Gained a bad reputation
- His crew returned to Portugal
- Died in Cochin, India
- Died of Malaria
- Improving economy by better trade
James Cook
Background
- 1728
- Great Britain
- Sailed for England
- Captain of royal Navy
- Explorer and Navigator
- Detailed maps of Newfoundland
- 3 voyages
Navy Career
- Joined merchant navy as teenager
- ROyal Navy 1755
- 7 years war
- Mapped and surveyed Saint Lawrence River
- 1766 commander of Royal Navy
- HM Bark Endeavour
1st voyage
- 1768
- Endeavour
- 39 lieutenant
- Venus Transit
- Tahiti April 13
- Saw natives
- April 29 Kurnell Peninsula
- First contact with Gweagal
- Departed
- June 11 damages to the Endeaovur delays 7 weeks
2nd voyage
- Resolution and Adventure
- Circumnavigate the globe
- Antarctic Circle
- Friendly Islands, Easter Islands, Norfolk Islands, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu
3rd voyage
- Resolution and Discovery
- Drop off Omai in Tahiti and find a Northwest Passage
- First contact with Hawaiian Islands
- Charts most of North America and Bering Strait
Return to Hawaii
- Landed in Kealakekua Bay
- During Makahiki (festival for Lono
- Cook's clockwise form a island
Death
- Had to return to Hawaii
- Tensions between tribes
- Cook attempts to kidnap King of Hawaii Kalaniopuu
Aftermath
- Clerk is captain
- Bering Strait
- Dies of tuberculosis in August of 1779
- John Gore takes command of Discovery
- Reach England in October, 1780
The Pioneering Portuguese
Why did Portugal start the process of exploration?
- On the ocean and close to Africa
- Africa provided gold, ivory, and eventually slaves
- Had a government that was very supportive of exploration
Spain also makes a claim
- Christopher Columbus convinced the KIng of Spain to finance a voyage to Asia by going east instead of around Africa
- Later that year he landed on islands in the Caribbean, thinking he landed in the East Indies in Asia
Spain vs Portugal
- Portugal had assumed that Columbus reaches Asia
- Believed that Spain ws trying to claim lands that should be Portugal's
- Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace betwen the 2 nations
- Pope announced the Line of Demarcation which said all lands east of the line would be Spain's ...
European Countries Desire for Asia
- Portugal led the European voyages to Asia
- Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India which allowed Portugal to start dominating the area
- By defeating the Muslims, Europeans longer relied on the Italians for Asian goods
- Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about 1/5 of what they cost when purchased through the Aribs and Italians
- Portugal eventually moved past India to what is now Malaysia and the Spice Islands
- The Spice Islands became known for being the largest producers of mace, nutmeg, cloves, and pepper in the world
British East India Company (East India Company)
- Lost the Dutch East Indies to the Dutch and then focused on India
- Company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter, tea, and opium
- The Dutch India Company
- lasted 1602-1799
- Considered to be the world's 1st truly transnational corporation and the 1st company in history to actually issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public
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