today, me and erin tried out the new presentation internet online thingy.. it prevents motion sickness! thats a plus!!
assigned blog...:VACCINE FOR POLIO.
IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine), also called the Salk vaccine, was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1952. The vaccine is a clear, colorless sterile suspension for subcutaneous injection. IPV contains strains of the 3 types of polioviruses (Types 1, 2, and 3), originally grown in monkey kidney cell culture and inactivated by exposure to formaldehyde. Clinical trials of IPV began in 1954, and results were dramatic: the cases of polio in the vaccinated test groups fell amazingly, and permission for IPV distribution was quickly granted by the US government in 1955. In 1987, a new, more potent version of inactivated poliovirus vaccine was introduced that is grown on human cell culture and contains greater antigenic content than the original vaccine.
IPV produces protective antibodies in the blood (serum immunity). After 2 doses of enhanced-potency IPV, high levels of serum-neutralizing antibodies to all 3 types of poliovirus appears in 94-100% of individuals, and after 3 doses, seroconversion appears in 99-100% of individuals. This serum immunity prevents the spread of the virus to the CNS and provides protection against polio paralysis. The suggested immunity is prolonged and perhaps lifelong: circulating antibodies have persisted for at least 10 years as shown in field studies in Europe. However, IPV induces only low levels of immunity (via secretary IgA) to poliovirus in the gut. Enhanced-potency IPV induces mucosal immunity by inhibiting pharyngeal acquisition of poliovirus and, to a lesser extent, intestinal acquisition, yet the extent of mucosal immunity induced by IPV is far less than OPV. Therefore, while OPV can prevent the spread of wild poliovirus, IPV is a less reliable vaccine. However, even though this vaccine does not induce much secretory IgA in the alimentary tract, its effectiveness has been demonstrated in Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Holland, Norway and Canada where the exclusive use of IPV has been adopted.
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) was developed in 1958 by Dr. Albert Sabin. Sabin attenuated the wild type poliovirus by passaging the virus in monkey kidney epithelial cells. The commonly used form of the oral polio vaccine is trivalent, which means that it contains live attenuated strains of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Trivalent OPV is characterized in vivo by efficient growth properties in the intestinal tract, unaltered immunogenic properties with respect to wild type progenitors, and attenuated neurovirulence after experimental intraspinal injection into primates. This means that an individual immunized with trivalent OPV induces long-lasting (frequently life-long) protective immunity of the gastrointestinal tract to all known forms of poliovirus.
poweer point:./. NORTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN
During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 16 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).
The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German–occupied Europe. The United States entered the war in 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa, on 11 May 1942.
Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940. On 14 June, the British Army's 11th Hussars (assisted by elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment) crossed the border into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. This was followed by an Italian offensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September 1940 and then in December 1940 by a Commonwealth counteroffensive, Operation Compass. During Operation Compass, the Italian Tenth Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps, commanded by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, was dispatched to North Africa, during Operation Sonnenblume, to bolster the Italian forces and prevent a complete Axis defeat.
A back-and-forth series of battles for control of Libya and parts of Egypt followed, climaxing in the Second Battle of El Alamein when British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, delivered a decisive defeat to the Axis forces and pushed the Axis forces back to Tunisia. Following the Allied landings in North West Africa, Operation Torch, in late 1942 under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower, and after Allied battles against Vichy France forces (which subsequently joined the Allies), the combined Allied forces encircled the Axis forces in northern Tunisia and forced their surrender.
By making the Axis powers fight on a second front in North Africa, the Western Allies provided some relief to the Soviet Union fighting the Axis on the Eastern Front. Information learned from the British Ultra codebreaking operation was a major contributor to Allied success in the North African campaign.
Allied victory; Axis retreat
Free French
16,000+ killed, wounded, captured, or missing
British Empire
50,000+ killed, wounded, captured, or missing[citation needed]
United States[1]
2,715 killed
8,978 wounded
6,528 missing (from 12 November 1942)
Germany:
12,808 killed[2]
Unknown wounded
101,784 + captured[3] 238,000 captured in 1940 - 1943[4]
Italy:
22,341 killed and missing[5]
Total Axis:[6]
950,000 total casualties
8,000 aircraft destroyed or captured
6,200 guns destroyed or captured
2,500 tanks destroyed or captured
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