April 11- April 15

April 11 (Monday)- Mr. Bruns went over his presentation on United States.

April 12 (Tuesday)- Mr. Bruns continued to go over his presentation on the United States.

April 13 (Wednesday)- Shortened classes- Cyclone Way. Mr. Bruns continued to go over his presentation on the United States.

April 14 (Thursday)- Mr. Bruns finished his presentation over the United States. He gave us ideas to talk about on the test.

April 15 (Friday)- Test day #1.

Mr. Bruns Presentation Notes:

United States:

Allied Powers

Main Powers- Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France
Latin America- Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Europe- Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, San Marino, Turkey, Yugoslavia
Africa- Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa
Asia/Other- China, India, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, Saudi, Arabia, Syria, New Zealand, Australia, Canada

US after World War One

US never signed the Treaty of Versailles
- Wilson (Democrat) vs Congress (Republican controlled)
Republican Warren Harding won the 1920 Presidential election with a promise to "Return to Normalcy"
The US went back to focusing on America
- Isolation
Washington Naval Conference- 1921-1922
4 Power Pact
- United States, Great Britain, France, and Japan would respect each other's possessions in the Pacific
5 Power Pact
- Signed by Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy
- Designed to prevent an arm's race
- It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers, and aircraft carriers
- Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers, or submarines
9 Power Pact
- Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy
- Signed by the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal
Kellogg-Briand Pact
- The US did sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact denouncing war as a means to settle disputes

Neutrality in General

The Neutrality Acts were passed by the US in the 1930s in response to the issues in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War Two
They were caused by the desire to be isolationist in the US following World War One
Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in world conflicts (war)
US had very strong history of isolationism

Interventionists vs. Isolationists

America First Committee

US Neutrality Acts during 1930's

Neutrality Act of 1935
- Stop trading with countries of war
- Signed on August 31, 1935
- It was designed to last six months
- Banned US trade of arms and war materials with any country of war
- It also declared that US citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk
Neutrality Act of 1936
- Stop loaning money to countries at war
- Signed in February 1936
- Renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months
- It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents
- THe act did not cover "civil wars," such as the Spanish Civil War
- THe act also did not cover materials such as trucks and oil
Neutrality Act of 1937
- Cash and carry system- weapons not included
- Passed in May 1937
- Set to expire after two years
- Included the provisions of the earlier acts this time without expiration date
- This time it also included civil wars
- U.S ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or items to belligerents
- U.S citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations
- A "cash and carry" system was set up
- The president could permit the sale of supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as they paid immediately in cash and transported the goods on their own ships
- FDR believed that cash and carry would help France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany
- FDR chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts on Japan and China since they had not formally declared war

Quarantine Speech- 1937

Panay Incident- December 1937

American Gunboat attacked on river in China by Japan
- 3 US troops killed
- 45 wounded
Japan said it was an accident, apologized and paid the US money
Worsened the US- Japanese Relations

Neutrality Act of 1939
- Cash and Carry System- weapons included
- Passed in November 1939
- Allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis
- US citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the president

Bases for Destroyers

Passed in September, 1940 between the US and Great Britain
Fifty US destroyers were given to Great Britain in exchange for land rights (for 99 years) on British colonies for naval or air base purposes
Newfoundland, eastern side of the Bahamas, southern coast of Jamaica, western coast of St. Lucia, west coast of Trinidad, Antigua, British Guiana, and Bermuda were the areas the US received

End of US Neutrality- Lend Lease Act

The end of neutrality for the US came with the Lend-Lease Act
- Passed in March 1941
Allowed the US to sell, lend, or give war materials to nations the US wanted to support
US gave $50 billion ($650 billion today) to Allied nations throughout the war

FDR Signs the Lend-Lease Act

March 1941

Selective Training and Service Act

Passed in September 1940 and ended in 1947
Required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register for the draft
Extended to all men aged 18 to 45 once US entered war
First peacetime draft in US history

How did the draft work?

Local draft boards were set up from coast to coast
- Each male registered was given a number between 1-7,836
- In Washington, papers with the numbers 1 through 7,836 printed on them were put into capsules, one number to a capsule
- The capsules were dumped into a giant fishbowl and then stirred
- Finally the capsules were drawn from the bowl one by one to establish the draft order
- If your number was chosen, you were now officially part of the US military
- 158 was the first number chosen (6,175 young men were drafted with that number)

Atlantic Charter

Signed in August 1941 and between the US (FDR) and Great Britain (Churchill)
- Defined the Allied goals for the Post-war world
- Many similarities to Wilson's 14 points

World War Two Major Battle Timeline vs. Japan

Pear Harbor
- December 7, 1941
Battle of the Philippines
- 1942 and 1944
Doolittle's Raid
- April 1942
Battle of Coral Sea
- May 1942
Battle of Midway
- June 1942
Battle of Guadalcanal
- 1942-1943
Battle of Saipan
- 1944
Battle of Guam
- 1944
Battle of Iwo Jima
- 1945
Battle of Okinawa
- 1945
Hiroshima/Nagasaki Bombing
- August 1945

USS Arizona Memorial

The names of the Arizona's dead are engraved on this white marble wall at the memorial

FDR's War Message

Pear Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked on December 7
"Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attach against Malaya."
"Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong."
"Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam."
"Last night Japanese forces attacked the Phillipine Islands."
"Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island."
"This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island."

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
Only way to force US hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war
Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat US
Plan backfired instead Japan "awoke a sleeping giant"

Bataan Death March

Philippines 1942
Up to 10,000 Filipino and 650 American POW's died during the match

Doolittle's Raid

April 1942

Battle of Coral Sea

First turning point in Pacific

Battle of Midway

June 1942
Major turning point in Pacific

Battle Strategies

Island hopping

Guadalcanal

August 1942
February 1943

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Philippines
USS Princeton afire after being hit by Japanese air attack
October 24, 1944

MacArthur's Return to the Philippines

September 15, 1944

Iwo Jima

February-March, 1945
6,821 US deaths

Battle of Okinawa

April-June 1945

Summer 1945- Preparing for the invasion of Japan

Operation Downfall
Planned for October 1945
Estimated to have over 1 million casualties
Estimated to have 267,000 deaths

The Manhattan Project

1939-1945

Trinity Test

July 16, 1945

VJ Day

August 14/15, 1945
- Official UK
September 2, 1945
- Official for US
When Japan officially signed on USS Missouri

Potsdam Conference

July 1945
On July 26 the United States, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration
Announced the terms for Japan's surrender
"We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives."

Potsdam Declaration

July 1945
Dismantle the current government of Japan
- Excluding Emperor Hirohito
The Allies (US) will occupy Japan
Japan will consist only of the major islands (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku). It will lose all territory gained in World War Two and years leading up to it
Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home
There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout World War Two
Democracy will be promoted as well as Freedom of speech, religion, and of thought as well as respect for fundamental human rights
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948
Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations
- World trade will also be enabled at some point
Allied (US) occupation of Japan (1945-1952) will end once Japan accomplishes all the above point
"We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction" -President Harry Truman

World War Two Major Battle/Operations Timeline vs. Germany

Battle of the Atlantic
- 1941-1945
Operation Torch
- Invasion of Morocco
- 1942
Operation Avalanche
- Invasion of Italy
- 1943
Battle of Salerno
- 1943
Battle of Anzio
- 1944
Battle of Monte Cassino
- 1944
Operation Overlord
- D-Day
- June 6, 1944
Operation Dragoon
- Invasion of Southern France
- August 1944
Battle of the Bulge
- Hitler's last major offensive
- Winter 1944-1945
Operation Varsity
- Invasion of Western Germany past the Rhine River
- March 1945
Fighting in Germany
- Issues with the Siegfried Line (West wall)

The German Westwall- Siegfried Line

German U-Boats

After repeated attacks by German U-boats on US ships in the Fall of 1941, FDR announced that he had ordered the US Navy to attack German and Italian war ships in the "waters which we deem necessary for our defense"

Allied intelligence

Chirchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers
The Allies shared information from RADAR and High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF/DF)
RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface
HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines

Enigma

System in which Germany transferred their information through codes
Solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of World War Two
During periods when Allied cryptanalysts were unable to solve Engima, U-boats caused great damage to Anglo-American commerce

D-Day

Operation Overlord
June 6, 1944
The D in D-Day stands for "day" since the final invasion date was unknown and weather dependent
156,000 Allied troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Free France, and Norway
The Allied code names for the beaches along the 50 mile stretch of Normandy coast targeted for landing were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword
Omaha was the costliest beach in terms of Allied causalities
- 5,000 ships and landing craft
- 50,000 vehicles
- 11,000 planes
Major Generals
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley
  - United States
- Bernard Law Montgomery
  - The United Kingdom
- Erwin Rommel
- Germany
Casualties
- United States
  - 6,603 (1,465 killed)
- United Kingdom
  - 2,700
- Canada
  - 1,074 (359 fatal)
- Germany
- Estimated between 4,000- 9,000
By June 11, with the beachheads firmly secured
More than 326,000 troops had crossed with more than 100,000 tons of military equipment
Paris was liberated on August 25
Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945

Yalta Conference

Before the end of the World War Two, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met at Yalta USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended

The agreed on the following

The establishment of the United Nations
Germany to be divided into four zones
Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe
USSR promised to join the war against Japan

V-E Day

May 8, 1945

FDR Dies, Harry Truman is sworn in

April 12, 1945

Women in World War Two

Rosie the Riveter
- Represented women workers in World War Two

"Tokyo Rose" Iva Toguri

Forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan
In these radio programs, she taunted the troops and played music from home
She was a US citizen in Japan
Convicted of treason

OPA and Rationing

The Office of Price Administration was established in 1941 under to administer price controls
Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon
Gas rationing began in May 1942 limiting use to five gallons per week
By the end of 1942 half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, allowing 4 gallons per week
The other half of automobiles had either a B sticker (supplementary allowance for war workers) or a C sticker (vital occupation such as doctor
Truckers had a T Sticker for unlimited amounts
A black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers that were used in 5-30% of gas sales
By 1945, there were 32,500 motorists arrested for using suck false stickers, 1,300 convictions, 4,000 gas stations closed

War Finance Committee and War Bonds

Over the course of the war 85 million Americans purchased bonds totaling approximately $185 billion
Helped pay for the war
It was an investment for US citizens As low as $18.75 per bond
Ten years later government paid out $25

Effects of World War Two on US

Stimulated economy
- 17 million new jobs ccreated
- Average wages increased 30%
- Middle class greatly expanded
Federal power during the war increased
- Shifted from state laws to federal laws- important during civil rights era and Vietnam war
Women involved in the workforce
More rights for African Americans- integrated troops
German Nazi party was completely destroyed and Germany was broken up into 4 zones
Japanese cities were destroyed from bombing and Japan was placed under military rule
Most deaths ever in a war
United Nations starts
Major Powers of the world were discovered
Cold War- US vs USSR

Blogs

April 11- April 15

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