Monday- Talk about new forum post topics, and finish the last slides of Germany (Holocaust). Start watching the video from where we left off. Test Thursday. Notes on bottom.
Tuesday- Continue watching video.
Wednesday- Finish video
Thursday- TEST DAY
Friday- TEST DAY
Axis Powers: Japan, Germany, Italy
Italy’s WWII Story 1919-1945
Benito Mussolini- Was in newspaper business. Born to Catholic family (Mother Catholic, Father atheist)
Despised Catholic school and religion
Got in trouble at school for stabbing a kid
Struggled in school
Became an elementary school teacher prior to journalism
Was a pacifist
‘Transformed’ in WWI
Italy after WWI
Italy was very displeased with the Treaty of Versailles
Wanted to get more land than they got
Italy joined the League of Nations and was a member from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937
Apart of Washington Naval Conference
Signed 5 Power Pact
-Signed by GB, US, Japan, France, and Italy
-Designed to prevent an arm’s race
It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers
9 Power Pact
-Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy
Kellogg-Briand Pact
-Countries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes
March on Rome- Oct 1922
A march by Mussolini’s National Fascist Party
Mussolini and the Fascists won and took over Italy
King Victor Emmanuel
Did not fight Mussolini’s takeover in Italy
Wanted to avoid a civil war and also wanted to keep communists out of Italy
Established Fascism in Italy
A government led by a strong dictator
Stresses strong nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
Uses intimidation to get what they want
Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini in 1936
Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa as the 1896 Battle of Adua
One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history
Italy/Ethiopia Invasion
Nov 18, 1935, League of Nations sanctions begin
-arms embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian goods
May 5- Italy occupied Addis Ababa- annexed all Ethiopia on May 9
Generalissimo Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War- 1936
Hitler and Mussolini sent troops and weapons to help Franco win the Civil War against the communists
This war served as an important training ground for Hitler’s and Mussolini’s troops
Rome-Berlin Axis
Japan
In the 20’s
Joined League of Nations
Signed 4, 5, 9 power pacts
4 power pact
5 power pacct
9 power pact
Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
The League of Nations condemned the action but could not enforce its authority as it had not military force
The message sent to aggressive countries was that a major power could get away with using force because GB and France did not want war
Japan dropped out of the League of Nations shortly after invasion
China Incident July 1937
Rape of Naking Late 1937-early 1938
A mass killing of Chinese people (up to 300,000)
Mass raping of Chinese women
Mass looting and arson
Some in Japan have denied that the military killed civilians for no reason
Still causes tension between the two countries today
There were war crimes trial after the war to try Japanese soldiers for participation
Tripartite Pact is signed forming Axis Powers in 1940
Axis Powers:
Germany, Italy, Japan
Other Powers: Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Hungary
Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact
The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to night fight one another on April 1, 1941
Japan considered breaking this once Germany (their ally) invaded the USSR in June 1941, but did not
The USSR broke this treaty when they declared war on Japan in August 9, 1945
Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
Japan signed Soviet Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 guaranteeing USSR would not go to war
Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
Only way to force US hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war
Summer 1945 Preparing for Invasion
Operation Downfall
Planned for Oct 1945
Estimated 1mil casualties
Didn’t happen because atomic bomb
Potsdam Conference July 1945
On July 26, the US , GB, and China issued Potsdam Conference
Announced the terms for Japan’s surrender
“We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives.”
Potsdam Declaration
Dismantle the current government of Japan excluding Emperor Hirohito
The Allies (US) will occupy Japan
Japan will consist only of the major islands. It will lose all territory gained in WWII and years leading up to it
Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home
There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout WWII
Democracy will be promoted as well as freedom of speech, religion, and of thought, as well as respect for fundamental human rights
Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations. World trade will also be enabled at some point
Allied occupation of Japan will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points
Treaty of Versailles
Lost land to France, Denmark, Czech, Poland
Lost overseas territories
Military dismantled
Lost a lot of resources due to loss of land
33 billion to the allies
Take responsibility to WWII
League of nations set up
Morgil Clause
The German Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
Many in Germany did not want the treaty signed
German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of starting the war again
Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the Dolchstoss Theory
Hitler as a Baby in Austria
Born in 1889
Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Excerpts
Jews are communist
Results of Bombing GB
In may 1941, Germany decided to focus on attacking British ships and ports and thus stopped attacking cities
British losses around 40000 civilians dead
46-139000 injured
Britain won by the fact that Germany did not achieve their goals
German Invasion of USSR June 1941
Battle of Moscow
The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive Dec 6, 41-April 30, 42
The Russian winter sets in and make is a huge turning point in the war
Stalingrad
Most deaths
Worst battle
Battle when Stalin gave infamous order to not retreat, or be killed
North Africa Campaign
Italian Campaign
Moved into Molta/Siscili
Italy surrendered quickly (month or so)
Where most Americans fought in WWII
German Perspective of DDAY
Germans knew it was coming
Started building barrier around Atlantic Ocean
The Holocaust
The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WWII
A program of systematic state sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi occupied territory
Approximately two thirds of the nine million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
Some say that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis killing of millions of people in other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11-17 million
Killed
Jews
Gypsies
Homosexuals
Soviet Slavics
Poles
Communists/socialists
Dark skinned people
Mixed races
Russian POWs
Lebensborn-Fount of Life
The program aimed to promote the growth of superior Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women and by restricting access to those deemed ‘fit’
Houses were set up throughout Germany and many occupied territories
Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
Contrary to widespread rumors, women were not forced to have relations with Aryan Germans
Hitler’s Jewish Question
Nazis temporarily suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933-never restored
By moving them to Madagascar
Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau in 33. First inmates are 200 communists
Jews are prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools
Most Jewish students are banned from public high schools and colleges
Nuremburg Laws 35
Took away German citizenship from Jews making them second class citizens
Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had three or four Jewish grandparents. People with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race
Jews could only marry Jews
No sexual relations between non Jewish Germans and Jews
1936-
Nazis boycott Jewish owned businesses
38- Night of Broken Glass
On the night of Nov 9 & 10, 38, the Nazis roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and looting
All synagogues were destroyed and 7500 Jewish businesses destroyed
Start of Jews being sent to concentration camps
All Jewish children are expelled from schools in Germany and Austria
Nazis take control of Jewish owned businesses
Jews required to wear armbands and/or yellow stars
Hitler orders systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
Move people into ghettos
1942
Nazi officials announce final solution- their plan to kill all European Jews
Five death camps begin to operate in Poland
Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as thousands of Jews are shipped to death camps
The US, GB, SU acknowledge that Germans are exterminating Jews of Europe
1944
Hitler takes over Hungary and smaller countries
1945
Hitler is defeated and WWII ends in Europe
The Holocaust is over and the death camps are found and emptied
Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them
- 47- Israel set up
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