Earliest Homo Sapiens
- Found in Morocco(Africa) June, 2017
- Oldest Homo sapien fossils found so far
- Previous oldest was 150,000 years ago
- These fossils date back 300,000-350,000 years ago
- Controversial within scientific community
- Are they truly homo sapiens or modern humans
- Homo Sapiens came around about 200,000 years ago
Neanderthal vs Cro-Magnon vs Modern
Agricultural/Neolithic Revolution
- Prior to more organized agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants
- They lived in groups of about 25-70
- No one knows exactly how things changed, but about 10,000 years ago, people started more organized farming
- Along with planting crops, people also domesticated animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
- As time went on, people started setting up villages, which then, over time, turned into towns and then some into cities.
- As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilization
- As cities grew, social classes emerged
Civilization- An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry and government has been reached.
- A highly advance society
- Advance cities
- Writing/record keeping
- Specialized workers
- Complex institutions
- Advanced technology
Questions to Consider
- What are natural borders?
- What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization?
- Why are defensible borders important for a civilization to thrive?
Early River Valley Civilizations
- Mesoamerica
- Andean Region
- Mesopotamia
- Nile Valley
- Indus River
- Huang Ho
- Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 B.C.
- Feritle soil, mild climate, waterway for transportation, water for crops and drinking
- Provided for abundant crops and food surpluses
Chapter 2
Fertile Crescent: land between two rivers Tigris-Euphrates
Mesopotamia: named by the Greek
City-state: Big powerful cities that weren't united. A city and the surrounding territory it controls. Functioned like an independent country.
Dynasty: An era, a series of rulers from a single family-father to son
Cultural Diffusion: Process in which ideas spread from one culture to another
Polytheism: Has many gods
Monotheism: Has one god
Empire: Group of territories or nations ruled bY a single ruler
Mandate from Heaven
- A just ruler that has approval from the gods
- An unjust ruler can lose thier mandate to rule
Dynasty Cycle
- The rise, fall and replacement of dynasties
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