macedonea
rough terrain, cold climate. people lived mostly in mountain villages instead of cities. most of macedonian nobles reffered to themselves as greeks. greeks thought the macedonians were barbaric and not as civilized. greece thought the same of sparta previously.
after peloponnesian war several greek city states were weakened militarily and economically. when there is weakness or a struggle there is usually a predator or someone else to take advantage of the oprotunity. i.e., macedonea.
leadership
philip II king of macedonea around 360 BC- only 23 when he became king, general, able to train pesants to warriors because of developement of iron. dream was to take over greece and avenge the persian invasion of greece by invading persia.
philips tactics- organized army into phalanxes of 16 men across by 16 men deep. all 256 had to work together for this formation to cork correctly. after phalanx broke enemy line, he would send in cavalry to finish disorganized enemy.
conquest for greece-athenian orator named demosthenes tried to warm the greeks of the threat of philip. city states of greece could not organize a response. athens and thebes decided to fight, but it was too late. greek independence was lost to philip of macedonea.
next he planned to invade persia. never able go do this, he was stabbed to death at his daughters wedding by one of his former guardsmen who feared he would have too much power. philips son immediately proclaimed himself the next king of macedonia, his name was alexander, later known as alexander the great.
alexander the great- was taught by aristotle, spread hellenistic culture. very intelectual, wanted to show his power early, when the people of thebes rebelled, he destroyed their city, killed 6000, sold the remainder into slavery except the preists.
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