Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
+Technology boom in the 19th century. 1790- 19% of people lived in country sides. in 1990, three out of four people lived in the cities. Immigrants often lived in cities, as it was cheap and close to their jobs. They ganined unskillled laborer jobs. They were merchants, docks, markets, and entertment. Americanization movment put together a range of different cultures. A lot of farmers moved to the cities because of the steel plow. They also depended on the weather, which was very unpredictable.
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
+The government needed people to clean streets. It wasn't very safe. They lacked firefighters, police officers, etc. They could live in the city and live in tight corners, or they could live in the country and have little transportation. In 1879 there was a law passed about ventilation and plumbing in tenements. Suburbs appeared in the 18th century. The mansions belong to the rich. Transportaion- Mass transit: electric subway and street cars. 1860's, some people had either no pipes for water or really dirty ones. There was no indoor plumbing, and so they had to go to the street, fill a pail, and for a bath.. they had to warm it themselves. There were diseases such as cholera and typhoid in their water. They cleaned it with infiltration and chlorine. Inflitration is the process of removing particles in the water and chlorination is using chemicals to rid the water of nastyness. Sanitation- In the 1900's, sewer lines were developed. Scavengers were people who were supposed to clean up the streets and outhouses... though sometimes they never did. 1844, the first full time police group came into being. When there were crimes they were exagerrated greatly by the newspapers. Water was limited, so if there were a fire.. it was difficult to put out. Firefighters were independable. The chicago fire of 1871...it burned for over 24 hours, killed 300 people, 100,000 people left homeless, 3 squre miles of city center were destroyed, 200 million dollars worth of loss, 17,500 buildings destroyed. The reformers moblized as the problems increased.
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
+Settlement House Movement- Settlement houses were shelters in neighborhoods that needed assistance. They held classes, were run by woman, and had nurses come in for checkups.
+Social Gospel Movment- reform program, preached salvation to the poor.
+Jane Addams lived for 75 years. Visted the Toynbee house. 9,000 people went to the Hull House she started. Hull House inspired 400 others to do the same. It helped start "Welfare"
Ch. 8.1:
What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
+Filtration systems- cleaned up the water.
+Skyscrapers- Space was limited, with steel.. they could build up! And so came the skyscrapers.
+Streetcars- Elevated trains, Street cars, and subways. These got rid of horse problems (manure). Mass transit helped clean up the streets and made it easier to get around the large cities. It helped suburbs pop up!
+Central Park- Beautified the city. It gave people a place to go and unwind, it brought oxygen in.
+Airplanes- Wright Brothers.
+Kodak Camera- Taking pictures, documenting history, etc.
+Automobile- Just starting. The rich started to get cars, etc.
+Amusement Parks- Entertainment, etc. People could go have fun!
+Sports- Tennis, Boxing, Baseball, bicycling.
+Department stores- Yay, shopping!
Ch. 8.2:
How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
+William Harris, his beliefs about school were: Better educators for both blacks and whites. He wanted to combine both races, instead of the segregation. Educational reformer. 1889-1906... Schools for children 1865-1895.. they decided that children ages 8-14 had to attend school 12-16 weeks annually. Strict rules and punishments. Increase of 9.9 million kids in 1880 to 15.5 million in 1900. They attended schools at a younger age. The literacy rate increased as the number of children in school increased. Most americans could read by the 1900's. Racial discrimination. In 1890, they had 1 percent of blacks who attended high school. 1910, only 3 percent attended high school. That three percent had black-only classes. Booker T. Washington was an African American educator. He believed if blacks had the ability to work, the racism would stop. He graduated from Virgina. Night School- Thousands of immigrants attended, they had to learn english.
+Niagara Movment- It helped blacks get educated. 1880-1920.. college enrollments increased. Changes in colleges- they changed the cirriculum. They offered physical science, english, math, etc. Basically our freshman courses for their college classes!
+The bell system. etc.
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