5/1/17-5/5/17

[1Morgan]

Monday- Start Cold War

1945-1990

US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

During WWII, US was very concerned about what USSR would do after Germany was defeated- allies, but not really friends- common enemy

Definition

• A political, strategic, and ideological struggle between the US and USSR 1945-1990
• Spread throughout the world- Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Communism vs. Democracy

Communism:

Theory- everyone is equal, very attractive to the poor- more poor people than rich, the poor will eventually overthrow gov't, and gov't will fade into anarchy- never actually happened in history

Practice- dictatorship, lots of gov't power

Democracy:

Gov't is run by the people, for the people

Socialism vs. Capitalism

Socialism:

Everyone is paid equal, no matter how hard or how little you work

Capitalism:

You are paid based on how hard you work- bust your tail, know the right people, get a little luck, you can rise through the ranks and earn more money

History of the Soviet Union

• Bolshevik Revolution- communist revolution
• Lenin- communist leader
• Stalin comes to power after Lenin dies
  • Purges- kill people you can't trust in military and politics
  • Collectivization- USSR gov't taking over farms
  • Nationalization- USSR gov't taking over businesses
  • 5 Year Plans- goals for every 5 years- actually took about 15 years to finish their first 5 year goals
• Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
• War with Germany
• Battle of Berlin- April-May, 1945

Causes of the Cold War

• Different political systems that did not mix
  • US based on democracy, capitalism and freedom
  • USSR based on dictatorship, communism and control
• The Red Scare- 1919- Red is the color associated with communists
• Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions
• Stalin and all communists despised capitalism
• Distrust during WWII
• Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference
• American fear of a communist attack (Red Scare) and USSR's fear of a US attack
• USSR's fear of the atomic bomb
• USSR's action in their German zone
• USSR's goal to spread communism around the world

The "West"- US, Canada, western Europe, free

The "East"- eastern Europe, Russia, communism

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US

• Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression
• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia, Africa, and Europe
• Stop the spread of communism
  • Policy of Containment

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR

• Wanted to create greater security for itself
  • Lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin's purges
  • Feared a strong Germany
• Establish defensible borders
• Encourage friendly governments on its borders
• Spread communism around the world

Tuesday- Discuss schedule and semester test

Continue Cold War

• Winston Churchill "Iron Curtain" speech
  • communist Europe and Democratic Europe are separated
  • no actual wall, but metaphorical
• Domino Effect-Eisenhower- 1954
  • If one country falls to communism, they all fall
• Policy of Containment
  • Trying to stop the spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

• In 1947, GB were helping Greek government fight against communist guerrillas
• Appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine
• Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies and by 1949, they defeated the communists

Marshall Plan

• In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan
• Massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from WWII
• There were 2 motives for this:
  • Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry
  • A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism

Brinkmanship- 1950's-1960's

• Foreign Policy
• Dangerous game
• US had to be willing to talk tough, and go on the brink of war
• Claim that we weren't afraid to go to nuclear war, in hopes that they'll surrender

Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction- Nobody wants to strike, because they know the other will strike back

Nukes are used as defensive weapons- something to keep in your pocket so everyone is scared to attack you

NATO

• In 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against Russia
• NATO was a defensive alliance
• The first peacetime alliance in US history
• Still around today- US is still major power
• Consisted of:
  • America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, etc.

Warsaw Pact

• Soviet Union and Eastern Europe defensive alliance
• Just like NATO, but opposite
• Died out in early 1990's

CIA vs KGB

• Central Intelligence Agency- 1947-Present
• KGB is basically Russia's CIA/FBI combined
  • Committee for State Security
  • 1954-1991
• "Spy-war"- lots of double and triple agents

Peaceful Co-existence- After 1953- they don't have to like each other, but they also don't have to nuke each other

De-Stalinization- After 1953

Détente- 1970's- getting along, easing tensions

Ronald Reagan was against Détente- thought it was weak, accepting a government that is terrible to its people

Perestroika and Glasnost- 1985

• Perestroika- Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
  
  • More democracy
  • Free elections
• Glasnost- More openness of the Soviet government and for its people
  • Free speech and press
• Soviet union eventually fell apart by 1989- once people got a taste of freedom, there was no turning back

Wednesday- Continue Cold War PowerPoint

Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations

• Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  • Signed by JFK in 1963
  • Banned nuclear testing above ground
  • People began testing underground instead
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- 1968
  • "Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology"
  • "Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy"
  • "Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament"
  • If you already had nuclear weapons, it doesn't apply to you
• Ballistic Missile Defense System
  • Missile Defense Agency
  • Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attack on the US or allies
• SALT I Treaty
  • US/USSR
  • 1972
• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 1996
  • Signed by President Bill Clinton
  • Not ratified by Senate, but we still abide by it anyway
• INF Treaty- 1987
  • Reducing Nuclear Weapons
• The START Treaties
• SORT- 2003
  • Basically they're all about reducing nuclear weapons

United Nations- 1945-Present

The First Berlin Crisis- Berlin Blockade/Airlift (June 1948-May 1949)

• Stalin doesn't like the fact that he doesn't have all of the city of Berlin, because it's in his sector
• He blockades Berlin, railroads, etc.
• People in West Berlin were dependent on supplies from US and Allies
• Allies started an airlift and gave the West Berliners supplies by air
• USSR eventually drops the blockade and surrenders

The Second Red Scare- 1947-57

• Causes
  • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial
    • Found guilty of spying for the Soviets- executed in 1953
  • Hysteria
  • The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe- 1945
  • The USSR detonating their atomic bomb- 1949
  • China becoming communist in 1949
  • The Korean War starting in 1950- Domino Effect
  • Stalin's action in Germany- Berlin Blockade

Alien Registration Act 1940 (Smith Act)

• Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of US government
• Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government

Senator Joe McCarthy

• Said he had a list of communists in the US government
• Caused mass panic
• Senate gave him power to investigate
• Also said that military had communists as well
• Later people realized that he was just accusing people with no proof
• People began calling him out, and he lost all political support
• In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges
• He died 3 years later of alcoholism
• McCarthyism- making accusations of someone with no real proof

House Un-American Activities Committee- HUAC- 1945-1975

• This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood
• The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda
• They set up hearing to investigate the movie industry
• Hollywood Ten
  • Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine

The Space Race

• USSR Launches Sputnik- 1957- first satellite launched in space
• Yuri Gagarin- 1961- first person in space
  • Caused US to panic
  • JFK's Moonshot speech "We will land on the moon by the end of the decade"
• Lots of people were encouraged to go into science and engineering in school
• 1969- US landed first people on the moon

Thursday- Continue PowerPoint

Francis Gary Powers Shot Down in USSR- 1960- Prisoner in USSR for 2 years before being traded for a USSR prisoner captive in US

Eisenhower Embarrassment

Berlin Wall

• The people kept fleeing to West Berlin to be free come communism
• Soviets built the Berlin wall to prevent that from happening
• People could no longer go from East to West Berlin
• They still tried to escape, though
• Ronald Reagan: "Tear down this wall!"
• Berlin Wall Comes Down- Nov. 9. 1989

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

• Cuba allies with USSR
• Bay of Pigs
  • Many Cubans didn't like Castro and left Cuba to the US
  • CIA trained them to eventually attack Cuba and take it back over
  • President JFK wanted to make it look like they're doing it on their own, but promised to provide air support- backed out of it- people were angry
  • Failed miserably- they were all either killed or captured- didn't go as planned
  • US traded captured soldiers for food and supplies
• Cuban Missile Crisis- October, 1962
  • USSR gives Cuba nuclear missiles
  • Causes 13-day crisis
  • Planned to launch a bombing raid on Cuba to destroy all the missiles, then raid Cuba
• The Compromise
  • The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba
  • The US would promise never to invade Cuba
  • The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within 6 months
  • WW3 prevented- closest to nuclear war we've ever gotten

Nixon Visits China and Moscow- 1970's

Soviets "Invade" Afghanistan- 1979

• Afghanistan invites USSR to invade them- government falling apart

Ronald Reagan Becomes President

• Republican
• 2 terms
• Very strong anti-communist platform

Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia- 1991-1999

• Had to take control and help Russia become less communist and more democratic

Why did we win the Cold War?

• We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn't
• China started siding with us after 1972
• The Soviet economy was in shambles what the US's was flourishing
• Soviet military was strong, but most people had next to nothing
• US military was strong, and people had lots of things
• Soviets had:
  • Huge deficit
  • High inflation
  • Corruption
  • Social problems
  • Shortage of basic needs (food, housing)
• The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan
• Gorbachev's willingness for change and reform
  • Glasnost and Perestroika
  • Admitted Soviet mistakes
  • Took blame for Cold War
  • Communist system had failed
  • Allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted
    • Declare independence
    • Dissolve communist government, etc
• Arms Reduction Talks
  • SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings
• Soviet Mistakes
  • Invasion of Afghanistan
  • Ignoring social concerns
  • Spent everything on military- ignored the people

Post Cold War

• In the 1990's, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
• We didn't have any major threat to worry about
• President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country, reducing the size of the US military and cutting military spending
• 9-11 caught the US off guard

Friday- Korea

Th Korean Conflict: The Forgotten War- 1950-1953

We never officially declared war

North and South Korea never signed a peace treaty- technically, still at war today, although they're not fighting anymore

Origins

• Korea was invaded and ruled by Japan from 1910-1945
• After WWII, Korea was split into 2- North(USSR) and South(US) at the 38th parallel
• An election was going to be held to eventually unify Korea,
• The election held in 1948 happened, but USSR refused to accept it, fearing that it was rigged against them and they would lose

• North Korea decided to invade South Korea, after US troops pulled troops out
• Any troops still in South Korea are pushed into Pusan
• League of Nations voted to declare war on North Korea to defend them
• US troops led by Douglas MacArthur move into North Korea and push them into China
• China pushes us back- back and forth, until armistice is signed

MacArthur Fired

A Demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established around it, which is still defended today by North Korean troops

Results/Outcomes/Casualties

• The Korean War was the first armed confrontation of the Cold War, and it set a model for many later conflicts
• It created the idea of a limited war, where the 2 superpowers would/could fight without using nuclear weapons
• It also expanded the Cold War, which to that point had mostly been concerned with Europe

North Korea vs South Korea

• Korea Split
• Korean Conflict(War)
• Communism vs Democracy
• North Korea- people are struggling- most communist country in the world
• South Korea- people are thriving, democratic

The Vietnam Conflict 1950-1975

The French Connection

Vietnam was part of French Indochina

After WWII, Vietnam communist leader Ho Chi Minh wanted independence

Gineva Conference- 1954

• Vietnam war partitioned temporarily into a Northern and southern zone
• Split in half just like Korea
• Again, election was held to reunite the country, but neither side thought the election would be fair, just like in Korea

Escalation 1957-1975

• Started with the deployment of military advisers to the South Vietnamese army
• Then started using special forces (Green Berets) for commando-style operations
• Then regular troops were sent for defensive purposes only- not to go on the offensive
• Finally, in 1964, regular troops were used for offensive combat- major escalation of offensive forces in Vietnam
• Once US troops were in active combat, escalation shifted to the adding of more and more US troops

The Tet Offensive- 1968

• Tet- lunar new year holiday for Vietnam- relax
• Every major city in the south was attacked
• The Viet-com (Vietnamese communists) had been infiltrating the cities for months before, then attacked the cities from the inside out
• Militarily, we won, but people started thinking differently about the Vietnam war- should we really be over there? Became very unpopular

Pentagon Papers

• Leaked to press- revealed that the government was misleading people

Anti-War

• Why were so many people against the war?
  • Tet Offensive
  • Pentagon Papers
  • Injuring/killing innocent people (My Lai Massacre)
  • Supporting a bad government in south- not a democracy- CIA backed an assassination of the leader of south Vietnam
  • The power of the press
• We were there not because we loved South Korea, but because we hated communism

The war became very unpopular and people tried to escape the draft.

How did people get out of serving?

• Went to Canada or Sweden
• Went to college (student deferment)- not guaranteed, but you were less likely to be drafted
• Got married- again, not guaranteed
• Medically unfit for service
• Joined the National Guard or Peace Corps
• Claimed to be homosexual
• Being rich

Nixon and Vietnam

• Nixon called for the "vietnamization" of the war- pulling out of the war
• Pulled out in 1973
• Next year, North re-invaded the South and took it over- all still communist today