The United States:
U.S. after WWI:
-We never signed the treaty of Versailles
-They felt that if we joined the League of nations it would pull us into European wars
-Warren Harding “a return to normalcy”
-He won and really wanted to focus on the U.S.
-policy of Isolationism
Neutrality in General:
-The neutrality acts were passed but the us in the 1930s in response to te issues in europe and asia that eventually led to world war II
-They were caused by the desire to be isolationist in the US following WWI
-Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in world conflicts
-US had a very strong history of isolationism.
Allied Intelligence:
-churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied trade to defeat the Axis powers
-The allies shared information from RADAR (radio detection and ranging) and high frequency radio direction finding (HF/DF or “huff duff”).
-RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface
-HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines
-Allied intelligence began sharing code-breaking secrets known as “ULTRA” and “MAGIC”
Enigma machine:
-machine that Germans used to transmit code.
Yalta Conference Feb 1945:
-Before the end of the WWII, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta, USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended.
-They agreed on the following
- 1. The establishment of the United Nations.
- 2. Germany to be divided into four zones. (each controlled by one of the greater powers)
- 3. Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe. (He lied to us here. There was one candidate and he was communist)
- 4. USSR promised to join the war against Japan.
FDR dies in April 12, 1945:
-Harry Truman is sworn
Women in WWII:
-Rosie the Riveter- represented women workers in WWII
-Not all women worked in factories.
-Stay at home moms- rations
-Many women became nurses
-There were women in branches in the army
-Some women were pilots and tested planes
Native Americans- Navajo Code Talkers:
-They were to shoot and kill them if they were captured
Tuskegee Institute/ Airmen:
-They weren't really allowed to bomb at first, but eventually they were allowed to
Asian Americans in WWII:
-They fought
Hollywood in WWII:
-When you went to the movies, they would have newsreels before the movie was showed and show what was going on
-There were a lot of world war II movies that were propaganda films
The USO Tour:
-United Service Organizations
-Singers and other performers would go over to a safe place and entertain the soldiers (like bob hope, bing crosby, john wayne)
Kilroy Engraving on the WWII memorial in DC:
-The engraving would pop up in places.
-They think it might’ve been james kilroy who was a shipyard worker who would inspect crates.
Cartoons:
-There were dozens and dozens of looney toons cartoons that were used as WWII propaganda.
OPA and Rationing:
-The office of Price Administration was established in 1941 to control prices of goods.
-FOod rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon.
-Gasoline rationing began in May 1842--Five gallons per week
-Gas rationing was about saving rubber, not gas
-A black market developed in stolen/counterfeit stickers that were used in up to 30% of gasoline sales
-The "A" sticker was the most common of the WW2 gas ration stickers
-Issued to the general public
-The "B" sticker was issued primarily to business owners
War Finance Committee and War Bonds:
-Over the course of the war, 85 million americans purchased bonds totaling approximately $185 billion
-Helped pay for the war
-It was an investment for the US citizen
-As low as $18.75 per bond
-Ten years later government paid out $25
Japanese internment camps:
-They were discriminated against
-Japanese Americans were forced to sell their homes and pack up whatever they could and they were forced to go into these areas in japanese internment camps in desolate areas.
-They were not death camps or forced labor camps
-They worked and got paid
-kids would go to school
-They had sports team
Causes of WWII:
-In Europe:
-Treaty of Versailles- HItler used it as a motivator to take over Germany
-The great depression-the nazis may not have come to power because in times of need they turned to more radical ideas
-Hitler's actions in the 1930s
-Mussolini's actions in the 1930s
-Failure of the league of nations- they gave him what he wanted cuz they thought he would go away
-Policy of appeasement
-Hitler's invasion of Poland
-Rise of nationalism
-In Asia:
-The great depression
-Japanese invasion of manchuria in 1931
-Japanese invasion of China in 1937
-For the U.S.
-Quit trading supplies(oil) with Japan in the
summer of 1941
-Tough policies towards Japan in Fall 1941
-Pearl Harbor
Effects of WWII on US:
-Stimulated economy -17 million new jobs created, Average wages increased 30%, middle class greatly expanded
-Federal power during the war increased- shifted from state laws to federal laws- important during civil rights era and vietnam war
-More women involved in the workforce
-MOre rights for african americans- integrated troops
-German became 2 countries- tons of deaths (most deaths ever in war) -UNited nations starts -cold war starts
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TEST WEEK
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4/23-27
The Cold War:
-US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Definition:
-A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945-1990.
-Spread throughout the world- Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
-Started in Europe and then spread
-It was like a chess match- who can out play the other- who can win.
Communism vs. democracy:
-We have freedom in a democracy- We elect officials to make laws for us
-Communism is hardcore socialism
-Countries that have communism are controlled and a lot of the time controlled through fear and intimidation- You’re equal, but you are poor.
-Karl Marx wanted the poor people to rise up and overthrow the rich until the government fades away and everyone is equal and doing their part.
Socialism vs. Capitalism:
-In capitalism it’s all about the people- there's more incentive to work hard
-In socialism every gets the same no matter how hard they work.
-the strength of socialism is equality- you are provided for
-the weakness of capitalism- income inequality
Brief History of the Soviet Union:
-Germany sneds in an exiled soviet communist to russia to start a revolution there to get Russia out of the war.
-The bolshevik Revolution- the revolution where russia becomes communist.
- Vladimir Lenin- a true marxist- the dude they sent in to start this revolution.
-Lenin dies.
-there is a power struggle for a couple of years
-Joseph Stalin takes over- 1927
-He takes the country in a much different direction.
-He starts purges to get rid of political opponents and military.
-He starts the processes of collectivization and nationalization and millions and millions more people die
-collectivization is where the government takes over the farms.
-Nationalization is the government taking over people's businesses.
-5 year plan
-Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact- germany invaded the soviet union.
-We were allies with them because the enemy of your enemy is your friend
Causes of the Cold War:
-Different political systems
-US is based on democracy, capitalism, freedom, opportunity, and hard work.
-USSR is based of dictatorship, communism, control, and equality.
-They both thought that their system was the best system.
-We distrusted the others intentions.
-The red scare- 1919- The soviet union has just started the revolution to become communist and we were scared of communism coming into our country, so we stopped immigration and did a lot of things to keep it out.
-Stalin hated capitalism.
-Distrust during WWII
-Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference.
-American fear of a communist attack (2nd Red Scare) and USSR’s fear of a US attack
-USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb
-USSR’s actions in their German zone
-USSR’s goal to spread communism around the world
Yalta Conference:
-Before the end of WWII, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:
-The establishment of the United Nations
-Germany to be divided into 4 zones
-Free elections allowed in the states of eastern europe
-Russia promised to join the war against Japan.
Post WWII/COld War Goals for US:
-Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression.
-Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa.
-Stop the spread of communism
-Wanted to create greater security for itself
Post WWII/COld War Goals for USSR:
-lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges
-Feared a strong Germany
-Establish defensive borders
-Encourage friendly governments on its borders
-Spread communism around the world
Key Terms:
Iron Curtain:
-a speech by WInston Churchill. In this speech he talks about how an iron curtain has descended across Europe. There was Western Europe and eastern europe and you did not switch. There was no mix.
Domino Effect:
-Eisenhower- if one country falls to communism, the other countries around it are sure to follow.
Policy of Containment:
-We gave all this money to european countries to contain communism
Truman Doctrine:
-This is part of the policy of containment
-In 1947, the BRitish were helping the Greek government fight against communists
-They appealed to America for aid
-Greece received large amounts of weapons and supplies from US
-By 1949, the communists were defeated.
Marshall plan:
-named after George C Marshall.
-The only man above him was the president
-The US announced this plan in 1947
-We gave 13 billion dollars of aid to Europe
-IT was a massive economic aid plan to help it recover from WWII
-Two goals-
-Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markers for American goods, helping American industry
-A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism
-Yugoslavia took the Marshall plan aid
Brinkmanship:
-The US has to be able to talk about going to war without actually going to war.
-They waited until eventually the Soviet Union would back down
Massive retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual:
-By having nuclear weapons we are deterring other nations from using them on us.
-We have them for deterrence.
-Mass retaliation- nuclear weapons.
NATO:
-Western nations formed it
-North Atlantic Treaty ORganization
-Set up in 1949
-IT is a defensive alliance
-It was all about coordinating together to stop the soviet union
-It was the first peacetime alliance in the US
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Warsaw pact:
-The soviet equivalent to NATO
NATO today:
-Warsaw pact is no longer
-former warsaw pact countries have joined NATO.
-They always wanted to surround themselves with countries that are allies to them, so they aren’t where they want to be.
CIA vs KGB:
-Central INtelligence Agency- 1947-Present
-CIA’s job is to gather intelligence outside of the country- spying
-Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti
-KGB- committee for state security- 19954-1991
Peaceful Coexistence:
-Nikita started talking about it
-We can agree to disagree and have two worlds and be okay with that
-The problem about the idea is- being okay with two separate worlds
De-Stalinization (After 1953):
-Undoing some of the things that Stalin did
-Maybe we should stop killing people and take down all the posters and statues of Stalin and maybe we should stop putting people in prison for little things.
-We can start changing things
Detente (1970’s):
-Nixon goes to communist China and we open relations and start getting along with them better than the Soviet Union did.
-Easing of tensions
-We don’t have to worry about nuclear war
Mikhail Gorbachev COmes to power in USSR in 1985
-Him and ronald reagan meet and start to become sort of friends
Perestroika and Glasnost (1985)
USSR’s first atomic test (1949)
-It assured that we would never go into a nuclear war
Nuclear Powers of the World:
-U.S.
-USSR
-China
-France
-Britain
North Korea and Iran Nuclear Problem:
-North Korea’s last nuclear test was in 2017
-Kim Jong Un said on April 21, 2018 that North Korea will no longer test nuclear weapons and will shut down missile sites.
-Iran reaffirms that under no circumstances will they ever seek, develop, or acquire nuclear weapons.
-In exchange, the country will get relief from economic sanctions and permission to continue its atomic program for peaceful purposes
-President Trump hates the deal and want to pull out of it-May 12, 2018 deadline to improve it
Nuclear War Power Treaties:
-Nuclear Test ban Treaty
-underground nuclear testing
-JFK signing partial nuclear test ban treaty
Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty (1970):
-If you didn't have nuclear weapons at this point and you signed this deal, you could not get nuclear weapons
-Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology
-Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
-Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament
Anti-ballistic Missile treaty:
-Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched
-In the 1980’s, President ROnald Reagan announces the strategic defense initiative
-US withdraws in 2002 under George W. Bush
-Withdrew due to missile defense system.
SALT I:
-about reducing the amount of nuclear weapons
-Strategic arms limitation treaty
-SIgned by Richard Nixon
Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty (1996):
-SIgned by president bill clinton
-not ratified by the senate
-banned all nuclear testing
-They felt that if we signed this deal then that takes away our potential for testing if we want to test
International Atomic Energy Agency:
-This is an important organization
-They go into countries and inspect their nuclear weapons programs
-They will make sure they are using them properly
INF treaty:
-Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges
The START treaties:
-strategic arms reduction treaty
-Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history
-Resulted in the removal of about 80% if akk strategic nuclear weapons in existence
-START I expired in 2009
SORT:
-Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
-Reduced nuclear weapons
New START (2011):
-What we have currently
-Reduced the amount of nuclear weapons and nuclear missile launch sites around the world
--Presentations:
1950’s-2010’s:
1960s:
-The hippie generation
-Elvis presley
-The beatles
-The first super bowl was in 1967
-The AFL and NFL merged.
-The Boston celtics won 9 out of 10 championships in the 60’s- Basketball.
-Boxing- Muhammad Ali
Fads of the sixties- Peace sign, smiley faces, Barbie dolls, Bell bottoms. Afros, lava lamps.
-Turtle necks, mini skirt, go-go boots
1970s:
-Jaws 2, star wars, grease, the wizard of oz, the godfather, charlie’s angels.
-Farrah Fawcett, Burn Reynolds, John Travolta, Dustin Hoffman, John Wayne (western movies),
-Stevie wonder was big in the 70’s.
-Black sabbath- big rock band - ozzy osbourne was the lead.
-Bob Marley
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-Alice Cooper- famous for his makeup and being different- actor, songwriter- has a snake
-Barry White- one of the first african american singers to go kind of big in the 70s
-Billy Joel
-Famous bands- Led Zeppelin, AC/DC, kiss, Van Halen
-70s football- rowdy and rough- got dangerous and big
-Basketball- celtics won 10 championships
-Baseball- 70s is the golden age for baseball- one of the first sports to stop segregating
-Fads of the 70s- acupuncture, tape players, dashboard hula girls, cork pop guns, disco music and outfits.
80 and 90s had hair bands because they all had big hair- queen, prince, michael jackson, whitney houston
-Boy bands became big by the late 90s- Nirvana, backstreet boys
-Molly Ringwald,, Michael J Fox, charlie sheen
-The breakfast club, back to the future, ghostbusters, pretty in pink, ferris bueller's day off
-carebears, alvin and the chipmunks, seinfeld, roseanne
-Morgan freeman, drew barrymore, will smith, julia roberts, tom hanks
-a lot of the disney movies came out in the 90s- lion king, aladdin
-Boy meets world, saved by the bell, bill nye- tv shows in the 90s
-Fashion of the 80s- ripped jeans, mini skirts, scrunchies, big hair, shoulder pads, perms, huge earrings, fanny packs,
-Fashion in the 90s- bandanas, chokers, birkenstocks, overalls, crop tops, mom jeans
-gas was cheap
-Fads of the 80s- cabbage patch, nintendo, fanny packs
-Fads of the 90s- furbies, the circle game.
-SPorts in the 80s- basketball- 80s were the years for it- kentucky, indiana, and duke were the big ones
-Uniforms were very different
-Football- Ohio state buckeyes were thought to be the best in the nation’
-BAseball- the forgotten era- their home run numbers were down, but they used steroids and other stuff to increase their numbers
-SPorts in the 90s- boxing Evander Holyfield took Mike tyson’s seat- bit a chunk of his ear off
-BAsketball- Michael jordan was the best player in the NBA
-Magic Johnson had HIV and had to retire
-FOotball- Nebraska and Miami were the best college football programs
-Dallas cowboys won three NFL championships
-Baseball in the 90s- Anabolic steroids were banned by the major league baseball in 1991
-2000s:
-Breaking bad, dexter, grey's anatomy, the office, spongebob, friends, the big bang theory.
-Kids movies were really big.
-Ice age, incredibles, nemo, madagascar, wall.e, lilo and stitch, harry potter
-Leonardo Dicaprio, ALan Rickman, Johnny Depp, Morgan Freeman
-Will smith, tom cruise
-James Bond
-Rappers- eminem, lil wayne, Jay Z, 50 cent, Ludacris
-pop- beyonce, miley cyrus, katy perry.
-Rock- Greenday, nickelback, lincoln park
-COuntry- luke bryan, carrie underwood, blake shelton,
-FOotball- more padding, more protective
-Peyton manning, tom brady
-The lakers were the team
-football is the big sport
-Fads- silly bands, crocs, energy drinks, fidget spinners, slime.
Persian Gulf War:
-SHort war
-IT was influential later
-Before the war, Iraq had just been in a war with Iran and we gave them (iraq) help and then later went to war with them.
-IT started when Iraq invaded kuwait
-It alarmed Saudi arabia
-A fifth of all of the world's oil supply-
-Iraq would invade kuwait because they wanted their oil supply.
-They also owed them a large debt, so they wouldn’t have to pay
-US and united nations response to invasions:
-United NAtions called for Iraq to withdraw from kuwait
-United NAtions put a worldwide ban on trade with IRaq
-Iraq responds by annexing Kuwait
-US and NATO then sent troops to saudi arabia with their permission
-It was known as operation desert shield- putting troops their to put a shield on saudi arabia
-Iraq refused to withdraw from Kuwait despite being outnumbered
-This forced allied forces in sai arabia to launch
-operation desert storm- first actual fighting combat in the persian gulf war
-It was aerial bombardment and it destroyed air defenses and communication networks…
-Massive ground arrack was lead into Kuwait from Saudi arabia
-Within 3 days, US and arab forces had retaken Kuwait
-Iraq had no military after the war
-Iraq had to recognize Kuwait's sovereignty and get rid of all weapons of mass destruction
-Aftermath of the war:
-US considered it an unqualified success because we went back to war
-the UN said that if Saddam Hussein did not step down then war would be declared and that is what started the Iraq war
-9/11:
-It happened at the world trade centers in New York
-It started at about 8 am
-Al Qaeda- Osama Bin Laden did the attack
-It brought us together
-The media was impacted- everyone was talking about it all across the nation
-After 9/11, people started being really rude to Muslims.
-People stopped sending their employees on work trips by plane.
-No one wanted to fly after 9/11
-ID must be present when going through security. -People have to remove their shoes, -You cant have liquid over 3.4 ounces. -a lot of items have to be removed
-Before 9/11, anyone could go into the gated area, but now only people with tickets can
-The towers had a lot to do with business and after they fell, the stock market plummeted.
-Gas prices went up
-small businesses around the country shut down
-The war on terror was launched in response to 9/11
-Right after 9/11, people felt really good about the war on terror and they were satisfied with it and thought it was a good thing.
-The death of OSama bin laden- through the war on terror- 2 navy seal invaded and raided his hideout and none of the us soldiers there were killed.
-Afghan war:
-It started because of 9/11- Bush decided that we needed to take action and something needed to be done
-began military action
-Operation enduring freedom
-Military plan under bush- a lot of people believed that we could just topple taliban and get out, but we needed to make a stable government and not just get rid of theirs and get out
-They launched ground and air attacks
-by the end of 2001, al qaeda was pushed out and they had been removed, but we cant fight 2 wars at once and the focus had switched to Iraq, so taliban had regrouped by the time obama had been elected and they began to grow again
-there is hunger is afghanistan and there is still war going on
-no one government control them
-they are super poor and are very dependent on foreign aid
-It is america's longest war
-Iraq war:
-We went to war because they were not abide by the things that they were supposed to and we believed that saddam hussein were getting weapons of mass destruction, so we went in to stop that.
-Saddam's possession of weapons of mass destruction
-Threat that Saddam posed to the Middle east
-Iraq's links to al qaeda
-We needed to make sure he didn't have the weapons
-We need to take him down because he was a threat to the us, surrounding countries nad his own people and we need to set up a democracy
-It was the Iraqi people that decided to sentence him to death
-The end of the war:
-the end of the iraq war
-Obama became president and he abandoned iraq
-there was no ISIS, the group didn’t exist under the name yet
-ISIS:
-ISIS is the islamic state of iraq and syria
-a radical islamic organization
-It started out as a militant group called al qaeda in iraq
-Al Qaeda was defeated in the IRaq war but not destroyed
-There was a syrian civil war and that is when ISI fought back and later renamed themselves ISIS (Islamic state of Iraq and SYria)
-Gained land in both Syria and Iraq
-The goals of ISIS were to replace the western occupation with their own government
-They want to become a global caliphate
-Acts of ISIS:
-They have a lot of online intimidation
-Has released multiple videos of executions
-ISIS on the web:
-They ulatiie social media websites that people are on and they do a lot of recruitment and propaganda through that
-They make it seem better than it is
-They target pre-existing muslims and try to lure them in
-FIghting ISIS:
-The US has been assisting the Iraq security forces
-Raqqa was liberated
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