Today, in class, we went over Bruns's POWERpoint.
I. Treaty of Versailles
-know what it specifically did and how it helped lead to WWII- Took a lot of land from Germany, as well as make them admit that they were responsible for WWI ("War Guilt Clause") and that they were to pay reparations. The damages to France and Belgium added up to be 33 billion dollars, which obviously bankrupted Germany. Germany lost all overseas colonies, which were taken by the League of Nations. Germany was reduced to 100,000 troops, along with no air force nor tanks and limited to only 6 naval ships. A fifty mile zone was demilitarized on the border of Germany and France for the safety of the allied country.
Germany was also forbidden from uniting with Austria to create one superstate. A League of Nations was created as well, intended to keep world peace.
II. League of Nations
-define-A worldwide peace-keeping organization where countries come together and talk about their problems.
-Weaknesses: USA, perhaps the most powerful country, didn't join. It had no military force. Italy and Germany dropped out, so what the League of Nations did would not apply to them anymore. It was difficult to get anything done, as when they did something, it required unanimous vote.
-Why didn't the US join- They felt that it would pull us into War, which we wanted to steer clear of, because we were practicing Isolationism.
III. Know the basics about the following countries:
-How did WWI/Treaty of Versailles impact this country
-How did this country change in the 1920's/1930's(includes leader coming to power and their goals).
-What was/were this countries military strategies in the 1920's and 1930's.
-How was this country involved on WWII(what alliance did they belong to, how were they involved within the war)
Germany- I should know this. Parliamentary Republic. Hitler was appointed Chancellor (prime minister) by President Hindenburg. He dissolved the Weimar Republic. He gave people jobs to win them over then took over all power of the country. Hitler wanted Sudan-land, as there were German-speaking people residing there.
Italy- The Treaty of Versailles cheated Italy about a bunch of land after WWI. They did, however, get some land from Austria-Hungary. Italy's government was a constitutional monarchy. Benito Musselini was a fascist dictator, meaning that whatever he does should benefit Italy in some way.
The then-king Victorio Mantelli (or something) allowed Benito to become dictator, as long as he could stay king. This may sound odd, but he DID want a powerful person in charge of Italy, although Victorio wanted to limit any communism. Benito Musselini was appointed. He strengthened the economy, and started giving people jobs and built up the military.
He got a big head and he started trying to conquer other lands, and he tried to make Italy a powerhouse, which it just wasn't. Italy struggled to even take over colonies in Africa, which was already controlled by Germany, Great Britain and France. He had a democratic view. He wanted to make Italy strong, and he built up the Navy and made submarines and lightweight tanks, to dominate the land and sea.
Over the years, Italy would become closer allies with Germany. Musselini was hung and killed, and they looked for a democratic system as opposed to a single person in control, and they were very cautious with whom they elected.
Soviet Union- The Soviet Union became commie after the Bulshevik Revolution. They dropped out of WWI to fight the BR. Someone signed a treaty to give Russia all the land it lost in the Treaty of Versailles. Prior to Communism, the Russian kings were known as czar. The Romanof (sp?) had ruled Russia for dynasties, which ended after WWI.
Josef Stalin took over after Vladimir Lenin died.He became a dictator and took over, and he believed that industry was the answer to any economic problems. They also had a lot of government-operated farms. Stalin had five year plans, which planned to increase industrial and agricultural output within five years.
He also started:
Nationalization- Assets or industry taken control of by the gov't.
Collectivization- Joint farms.
He killed anyone who fought back against these two theories, as well as any political opponents. A lot of people died in Stalin's hands, as he focused on building tanks and junk instead of food and necessities, leading people to starve to death. This is one of the main reasons we won the cold war.
Their military strategy was at first defensive, as people were trying to invade them, such as Germany, but when they fought them off, the USSR started to invade other countries. When Germany invaded them, they would retreat and destroy anything on their way so Germany couldn't use it (a bridge, fields, anything).
The Germany-Soviet Non-agression pact led them to be allies at first, but when the USSR "red army" was struggling against Poland, Germany did not want to be allies anymore. Throughout the rest of the war, they were part of the Allied Powers. After WWII, Stalin was paranoid that they were to be invaded, so he sent over a million troops into Siberia to keep things maintained. The USSR was one of the superpowers, along with the US, (which led to the Cold War).
Japan- Received German territory from the Treaty of Versailles. Emperor Hirohito was in charge. He didn't make many military decisions, which was Hideki Tojo's job. Hirohito was merely the representative, while Tojo. They invaded Mankeria in 1931, and invaded the rest of China in 1937. They wanted to dominate China to become the Asia superpower and retrieve new resources.
They went from outlawing war in 1927 to invading China in 1931. They bombed Pearl Harbor because the US was not trading with them. We dropped a few atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Great Britain- They had a constitutional monarchy, again, representative with little power (King or Queen) but the people have a lot of say in what goes down. Prime minister prior to WInston Churchill: Nevel Chamberlain. He held a conference in Munich, and told Hitler hat he can have Czechoslovakia, following his own motto "Peace for our time."
Winston Churchill said he should've stood up to Hitler, who became prime minister right before WWII began. His goals were to keep the lands of Great Britain safe, as well as take down Germany. Every night, the land of Great Britain was being bombed every night (by Germany). They really fell apart after WWII. They were a super power, then became 'second tier' afterwards.
France- They were glad that Germany's military was being reduced, as they are neighbors and enemies of course. They receieved colonies in Africa from the Treaty of Versailles. They wanted an independent Rhineland country, which didn't happen. The treaty also gave France money from Germany (reparations). Their leader was Charles de Gaulle, who led the Free French Underground. They got owned by Germany. These people fled France and moved to Great Britain.
When Germany took over, Hitler allowed the sourthern part of France to be controlled by the Vichy Government, which is a city in southern France. Marshal Henri Petain led the Vichy Government, which were actually allies with Germany. They would collect French Jews to send to concentration camps. They wanted to make sure that they wouldn't have to worry about Germany ever again, as well as stay war-free. They played the role of Germany's pet.
They built extrememly strong fortifications, which were supposed to be impenetrable, and it was called the maginot line. It was useless when Germany went through the weak portions of the fortifications and went around, just to trap France. They were part of the Allied Powers (Vichy Government-Axis Powers). Agriculture and industry fell dramatically after the war, yet the country was not hit as hard as WWI. France was no longer a super power of the world.
China- China never signed the Treaty of Versailles. It didn't affect them, except Japan got some land from China, which were German Colonies beforehand. Chiang Kai Shek was the leader of the Nationalist party, but he was battling against Mao Zedong, whom was a Communist. 80,000 women were raped by Japanese soldiers Nanking, while they killed roughly 200,000 people.
China was part of the Allied Powers. Chiang Kai Shek thought that the US was a threat, and they wanted to make the war between the Soviet Union and the US. They had a Civil War and the Communist side one, led by Mao Zedong. Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan, which was the representation of Nationalist part of China. Communist China became the official power. There was and still is some great tension between China and Japan. As we all know, China is Communist as well as Soviet Russia, so we had plenty to worry about.
SUE THE SPIDERS, SINK THE WELSH. STAB YOUR FACEBOOK, SELL SELL SELL. UNDER COOKED, OVERDONE, MASS ADULATION NOT SO FUNNY. POISONED HONEY, PSEUDO SCIENCE, SILLY MONEY, YOU'RE MY HONEY. (Flaaaaaaash Delirium)
US- The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles, because they disapproved of the League of Nations and thought it would pull them into wars. We had Republican Presidents during the 20's, and the 30's was dominated by democrats, namely FDR. We had a democracy, so you were elected by voters. You could be elected up to 10 years. He changed the country for he better, when he helped the economy, specifically the Alphabet soup organizations and the New Deal, which we covered a month ago.
His goals were to get America out of the Depression, as well as stimulate the business. His WWII goals were to keep US neutral and stay out of the war, but when the Nazi regime took over (and when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor), we entered the war. We saw the Nazis as a bigger threat, so we focused on them instead of Japan. We became the major power in the war, providing troops with our mass production of items. WWII got us out of the Great Depression, and we had become the strongest country in the world. We had a baby boom shortly after the war, so our population took off. Jet engines and computers came out of research that occured to win WWII. The Cold War started between Soviet Russia and the US, the two super powers after WWII.
Canada- They were a colony of Britain, and gradually split from Britain. They had a Constitutional Monarchy, being a colony of England and all. Their leader was William Mackenzie King. He was serving as the Prime Minister of Canada and he was elected in 1921. He gave Canada its own voice and said that they can make their own decisions in war. Their Air Force assisted Britain hold off Germany in a few various occasions. Allied Powers. The war really modernized the country, and it also pushed them even closer to independence.
Australia- The Treaty of Versailles did not impact them, as they didn't sign it. They were also a British Colony, so they would help England when they were in a battle. They went through several prime ministers, who do not need to be named. They were in two battles prior to WWII. The war led to quicker industrialization, similar to Canada. They also had a gradual move to independence.
IV. Hitler's Treatment of the Jews
Hitler was a naughty boy in school. He was rejected from a Vienna Art School, otherwise he would've been a painter. When he was in prison he wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle, My Battle). Lebensraum-"Living Space." Propaganda is persuasive advertising. Nazi Propaganda just tried to portray the Nazi's and what they were doing as being "praised or led by the gods," to convince people to tag along. The smart Germans left the country. Joseph Goebbels was the leader of the Nazi Propaganda.
The Holocaust was the genocide of about six million Jews. Around five to 13 million non-Jews or Germans were also victims of the Nazi's doing. Hitler would also kill political opponents, as well as mentally or physically handicapped people and the Polish. Jehovah's Witnesses, twins, Homosexuals, Slavic people and Gypsies were also on the list. He thought that these people were a burden to the German Society. The Aryan race was the supreme "blonde haired blue-eyed" Germans, or basically WASP (White-Anglo-Saxan-Protestant).
Lebensborn- The program aimed to promote the growth of the Aryan race by providing excellent care to women that volunteered to breed. There were rumors that the Germans would rape the women, but the women did agree to it.
When Hitler came into power, he immediately shut down the Weimar Republic and suspended civil liberties to all citizens. The first concentration camp was set up at Dachau in 1933. The first inmates were 200 Commies. Jews were prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors, or teachers in public high schools. Most Jewish students were banned from public high schools.
Hitler's Jewish Question- What am I gonna do with all these Jews!?!?! The Nuremburg Laws of 1935 took away German citizenship from Jews, making them second class citizens. It also established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had three or four Jewish grandparents. People with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race. Everyone with at least one Jewish Grandparent was at risk in Nazi Germany. Jews could also only marry Jews, which also tied into no German-Jew sexual relations.
In 1936, Nazi's boycotted Jewish businesses. Kristallnacht-1938 "Night of the Broken Glass." A lot of Nazi Youth members roamed through Jewish neighbor hoods, and broke their windows and burnt down their businesses and synagogues. 26,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. This was done to scare them, not hurt them, as only 91 were beaten and killed (probably tried to fight back). All Jewish children were expelled from public schools in Germany or Austria, and the Nazis took control of Jewish-owned businesses in 1938.
In 1939, Hitler ordered the murder of mentally or physically disabled. Jews wear armbands or yellow stars to differentiate them. In 1940, the Nazis began deporting German Jews to Poland. Jews are forced to live in ghettos. The first mass murder also began that year. In 1941, German units killed 33,771 Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar- The largest single massacre of the Holocaust.
The death camp at Chelmno in Poland begins murdering Jews. In 1942, the "Final Solution" was the genocide of all European Jews. Five death camps begin operation in Poland, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka and Belzec. The US, Great Britain and the USSR acknowledge it, but do they do anything? Hmm. This was the main reason that people would criticize FDR.
In 1943, Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist as the Nzis begin new rounds of deportation. These Jews hold out for nearly a month before the Nazis put down the uprising. In 1944, Hitler takes over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz where they are murdered. In 1945, Hitler is defeated and WWII ends in Europe. The Holocaust is over and the death camps are emptied. Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them.
In 1947, The UN establishes a Jewish homeland in British-controlled Palestine which becomes Israel in 1948.
Good Neighbor Policy- Try to forget the past and shake hands, make amends, clear the air of hard feelings, bury the hatchet WHATEVER YOU CALL IT.
Ethiopia was invaded by the Musselini-led Italy in 1936. In the battle of Adua, Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in 1896. This was one of the worst colonial disasters of modern history. In 1935, Italy sent large forces into Ethiopia. The League of Nations declared Italy the agressor on Oct 7th, of 1935. Musselini wanted to take over Africa and control the nearby seas. On May 5th of 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia. During all this, the League of Nations did not trade with Italy EXCEPT for oil.
In 1936, FDR beat Alf Landon in 1936 by a large margin. Prior to this, he beat Herbert Hoover.
Musselini and Hitler agreed to form the Rome-Berlin Axis. The Quarantine Speech was stated by FDR, when the US was still neutral. He then said that they would join the Allied Powers. The Panay Incident started the souring of our relationship with Japan. They killed two American soldiers on a ship.
Anschuluss with Austria- Germany Annexed Austria, who wanted to join by the End of WWII.
V. Munich Conference-Policy of Appeasement- Held in 1938. The four countries: Italy (Musselini), Germany (HITLA), France (Edouard Deladier) and Great Britain (Neville Chamberlain). The Czech Republic did not attend, as they had no power when it came to decision-making. They agreed to let Hitler have all Germans return to Germany, as well as take the Sudette-land area (sp?), as long as he took no more land. The Policy of appeasement was criticized forevermore. W said before that he invaded Iraq that we can't "go back to Munich." Winston Churchill said that we should step up to Hitler and not let him have what he wants, but G.B. didn't want to go to war. When Germany invaded Poland, people started to say "wow, we should've listened to Churchill." SO WHO'S LAUGHING NOW
VI. US Role in the 1920's/1930's
-Washington Naval Conference
-Kellog-Briand Pact
-Neutrality Acts throughout the 1930's
-Quarantine Speech
-Bases for Destroyers
-Lend-Lease Act
VII. Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact - Hitler and Stalin signed this pact was not necessarily an alliance, they would just agree not to fight in the upcoming war. This was signed a week before Germany invaded Poland. They became major trading partners. Hitler hated Communists, and neither trusted the other. The pact also secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Russia would get Finland, Estonia and Latvia, and Germany would get Lithuania.
September 1, 1939, Germany and Russia invade Poland.
VIII. Outbreak of War--Blitzkrieg!! Blitzkrieg was lightning warfare. Rush the front lines on foot as well as tanks and airplanes to overwhelm the defending enemies. The Phony war was during the winter when none of the armies were active. The Treipartite pact was signed by the axis powers.
-Japan and China
-Germany and Poland- Germany invaded Poland in 1941. September 1st, to be exact.
-Germany and France - Germany invaded France after quickly taking over Belgium and Luxembourg. Hitler ordered for the Generals to stop before they attacked Dunkirk in France, so they could wait for the tanks to catch up. Meanwhile, the British and French forces evacuated. It turns out that Hitler did this on purpose to try to sign a deal with Great Britain, as he respected them. This would be known as the Miracle of Dunkirk.
Great Britain surrendered in about a month or so. Hitler hated France, and he blamed them for everything that went down at the end of WWI. He forced France to surrender in Compiegne, France. The free french underground would control Southern France, which was free from German control. The Nazi Vichy Government controlled Northern France.
-Germany and Great Britain - Bruns had shown us a clip of Winston Churchill talking in his speech impediment voice. Well, he sounded more like that he had peanut butter or some sort of cake in his mouth. Like he was always chewing. Invading an island such as Great Britain is a lot harder than just crossing the border of France. When Germany did invade Great Britain, they first took out factories, resources, railroads, as well as communication and military objectives. This was known as the Battle of Britain
Nazi Goals. They bombed Great Britain during the daytime for quite some time, but Great Britain shot down many of them, so Hitler ordered them to only bomb at night. That was when they would target cities, in attempt to destroy people's will to fight.
The US would not trade with anyone at war, as we were trying to stay neutral. We would allow them to take some goods, as long as they paid up front and carried it onto their own ships. This was known as the Cash N Carry System. Machu Picchu. The Lend-Lease Act was where we lend equipment or something to another country, and they just give it back after the war. But this would not be good, as the items could be destroyed in battle.
-Germany and the Soviet Union
IX. Pearl Harbor
Comments