2/20/2017-2/24/2017

[1Morgan]

Monday- notes

Boulder (Hoover) Dam

• Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam) is located near Las Vegas
• The Hoover Dam project including the dam, the All-American Canal, the town of Boulder City highways, railroads and various other works, cost $165 million to build
• Why do you think there were a lot of dam projects in the 1930's?
  • Eventually pays for itself and makes money

FDR's Brain Trust

• Advisers- surrounded himself with lots smart people

Deficit Spending and Priming the Pump

• Had to spend a lot of money to jump start the economy
• Tried a lot of things to do it, some things didn't work, and were gotten rid of

Opponents

• Republicans say that FDR went too far- spent too much money, made govt. too big
• Others say he didn't do enough
• Why did some people challenge the New Deal?
  • Created a very powerful president that led Congress, this was a violation of check and balances
  • Radical departure from Laissez Faire ideals- created "big government"- only grew from there
  • Some acts appeared interfering and and worst, unconstitutional
  • Heavy debt burden- US was engages in deficit spending and this was unhealthy for the economy in the long run

First New Deal 1933-1935

• Restore nation's hope
• Help banks and stock market
• Provide jobs and relief for poor
• Plan and regulate economy

Second New Deal 1935-1938

• Pass new labor laws
• Create and expand New Deal agencies
• Establish Social Security for elderly and unemployed

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)- 1932

• Part of Hoover's attempt to help people
• Continued under Roosevelt
• Gave loans to banks, state and local govt's and businesses to create projects/jobs for people
• Gave states loans for emergency relief needs
• Not as successful as Hoover had hoped
• Dissolved in 1946 after WWII
• Helped unemployed

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

• Helped young and unemployed
• Passed in 1933 during the "One Hundred Days"
• Limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose fathers were on relief
• CCC members worked 40 hours a week and were paid $30 a month, with the requirement that $25 of that would be sent home to family
• Members lived in camps, wore uniforms, and lived under military discipline
• US Army operated the camps
• Most popular program

Tuesday- continue notes

CCC (cont)

• Planted trees, fought forest fires, stopped soil erosion
• Helped construct military bases during WWII
• Funding stopped in 1942
• Their slogan was "We can take it!"

National Youth Administration (NYA)

• Established in 1935
• Part of WPA
• Pushed heavily by Eleanor Roosevelt
• Served 327,000 high school and college youth, who were paid $6 to $40 a month for "work study" projects at their schools- work part time so they can pay for their education
• Allowed thousands of young people to stay in school
• Included boys as well as girls

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

• Helped Unemployed
• Enacted in 1933
• Distributed more than 20 million dollars in direct aid to unemployed
• In turn helped unemployed find new jobs
• 3 primary objectives:
  • Direct relief measures
  • Provide work for employable people
  • Provide many different types of relief programs

Public Works Administration (PWA)

• Helped unemployed
• Established in 1933
• Created as many jobs as possible in many different varieties
• Great example of FDR's "priming the pump"
• Between 1933 and 1939, the PWA funded the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, dams, aircraft carriers, bridges, etc.
• Responsible for 70% of new schools and 33% of hospitals built between 1933-1939
• Triborough Bridges, Grand Coulee Dam, etc.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

• Helped unemployed
• Established in 1933 to create jobs for millions of unemployed
• created construction jobs- buildings, bridges, schools, playgrounds, laid sewer pipes
• In just one year, the CWA cost the govt. over $800 million and was cancelled- to costly

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

• Helped unemployed
• Established in 1935
• Largest and most comprehensive New Deal agency
• "Make work" program that provided construction jobs to unemployed
• Primarily employed unskilled workers
• Build 650,000 miles of roads, 78,000 bridges, 125,000 buildings, and 7,000 miles of airport runways
• Presented 225,000 concerts and produced almost 475,000 works of art- helped musicians and artists
• Federal Project No. 1 (Federal One) of the WPA was developed to give artistic and professional work to the unemployed who qualified
• Federal Art Project (FAP), Federal Music Project (FMP), Federal Theatre Project (FTP), federal writers' Project (FWP), and the Historical Records Survey (HRS)
• Build the Golden Gate Bridge

Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA)

• Helped banks
• Passed five days after taking office-March, 1933
• Passed in response to the thousands of banks that closed down
• Passed four days after FDR announced the Bank Holiday in his first Fireside Chat, which closed banks temporarily
• The EBRA would close down the bank, reorganize it and then reopen the bank when it was stable
• When banks reopened on March 13, 1933, many people put their money back into the banks
• Within a couple of weeks, more than half of the money that people withdrew from banks was put back into banks
• Generally ended the bank runs that was commonplace from 1929-1933

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

• Helped the banks
• Created the Glass-Stegall Act in 1933
• Insured people's money in banks up to $1,000 (today up to $250,000)
• Passed in response to the bank failures after the stock market crash
• Insures money in savings and checking accounts, money market accounts, and CD's
• Put people's faith back in the banking system

Federal Securities Act

• Helped the stock market
• Passed in 1933
• Made the stock market a safer place for people to invest their money
• Two goals:
  • "Required that investors receive significant information regarding securities being offered for public sale"
  • "Prohibited deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities to the public"

Wednesday- Continue notes

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

• Established in 1934 and is still around today
• Watchdog of the stock market- Enforced the Federal Securities Act
  • Made the market more secure and safer for people's money

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

• Helped factory workers and consumers
• Established "codes of fair competition" aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic recovery from the Great Depression
• Created a National Recovery Administration (NRA) to enforce codes
• NRA tried to make voluntary agreements with business' dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and fixing of prices
• Businesses which voluntarily complied could display the Blue Eagle
• NIRA also helped create jobs for unemployed workers (building schools, etc.)
• Section 7A guaranteed workers right to unionize
• Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1935)

National Labor relations Act/Board (NLRA(B))

• Helped factory workers
• Second New Deal
• Established in 1935 and still around today
• Conducts elections for unions
• Stresses collective bargaining
• Investigates and fixes unfair labor practices
• Governed by a five-person board whose members are appointed by the President

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• Established a national minimum wage-40 cents/hour
• Established 40 hour work week
• Guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs
• Prohibited most child labor
• Still exists today
• Helped workers

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

• Established in 1933- part of 100 days
• Restricted production by paying farmers to reduce the amount of crops planted
• Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so prices would go up
• Farmers were paid by the fed. govt. for leaving some of their land untilled
• Helped farmers
• Oversaw a large-scale destruction of existing crops and livestock in an attempt to reduce surpluses
• For example, 6 million pigs and 220,000 sows were slaughtered in the AAA's effort to raise prices
• Cotton farmers plowed under a quarter of their crop
• Many saw the AAA as cruel
• While people in the cities were starving, the fed. govt. was destroying crops and livestock in the country
• Farm prices more than doubled (1933-35)
• Declared unconstitutional because it taxed one group (food processes) to pay another (farmers)
• Came back after everyone was taxed

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

• Allowed govt. to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil" and prevent erosion
• It was a piece of legislation passes in response to the Supreme Court's declaration that the AAA was unconstitutional
• Helped farmers- educated them on how to conserve soil- switching crops, etc.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

• Created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven state region around the Tennessee River Valley
• FDR signed the TVA Act creating the TVA on May 18, 1933
• Still exists and has grown to become America's largest public power company
• Some criticized the TVA for only helping a specific region and not the whole country
• Helped farmers- stopped flooding- and unemployed- created jobs

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

• Created in 1935
• Provided farm with inexpensive electric lighting and power and eventually telephone services
• Brought all the electrical appliances that the cities had since the 20's
• Businesses didn't like it- lots of work to benefit few people
• Made long-term loans to state and local govts. to farmers' cooperatives, and to nonprofit organizations to do the work
• By 1939 rural households with electricity had risen to 25% (up from 10% 7 years earlier)
• Was abolished in 1994 and its functions assume by Rural Utilities Service
• Helped Farmers

Thursday- Not here- sick

Friday- No school- snow day