1. What are the main historic events that took place in 8th Grade US History that helped shape the United States up to 1877? Choose your top five. (10 points)-Chapters 1-4
Women’s right to vote
Start in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York
Seneca Falls Declaration- Plea for the end of discrimination against women in all societies
19th Amendment
Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony
Led National American Woman Suffrage Association
WWI interrupted the campaign for woman suffrage so women took the men’s jobs in WWI proving to the country that they do do hard work too
19th Amendment became part of the US Constitution in 1920
American Industrial Revolution
Transitioned to manufacturing processes
Hand production methods became work done by machines
Iron production
Many inventions
Telegraph- Samuel Morse- allows messages to be sent quickly by wire
Steam Engine- Thomas Newcomen
Civil War
War between Confederates and the Union
Confederates bombarded the Union at Fort Sumter
Confederates Surrendered
Positives:
Banned Slavery
Gave women more rights
Voting rights for all men
Christopher Columbus
Set sail August 3, 1492
Direct water route from Europe to the Americas
Kept two logs
One true
One with less time to make passengers happy
Saw signs on land- October 11
A branch full of berries & spotted a light
October 12- Spotted the land
Declaration of Independence
Signed July 4, 1776
Statement declaring our freedom
Committee of five- Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and Benjamin Franklin
Positive impact on our freedom
We were free from Great Britain
2. How did the US change during the late 1800's and early 1900's?(10 points)-Chapters 5-8
Segregation (5-6)
Literacy Test
Before you vote you had to prove you could read and write
Poll Tax
Before you could vote you had to pay a little bit of tax
Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)(Jan. 1st, 1867)
If your grandfather could vote prior to that day you could vote
Jim Crow Laws
Segregation laws- separation between the races (blacks and whites)
telling blacks what they had to do
Plessy v Ferguson -1896
"Separate but Egual"
Separate and unequal in reality
Lynching and violence
Threats, hangings, violence that would intimidate African Americans so they wouldn't vote
Railroads (5-6)
People were not very happy because they charged them big amounts of money
It was a much better type of transportation
Became much easier to transport goods to other people
Electric Streetcars and automobiles (7-8)
Lack of good transportation
Electric Streetcars and automobiles were invented
Started out slow but within 10 years there were 260 times the amount of cars than there started out to be
Horses were being eliminating, eliminating the manure problem which was causing diseases (7-8)
Traveling by horses cause manure to be all over the roads
So they stopped traveling by horses to eliminate manure problems which helped sanitize the towns
Horses were replaced by automobiles
3. What impact did the Progressives have on the United States?(10 points)-Ch. 9
Four goals of Progressivism
1. Protecting Social Welfare
2. Promoting Moral Improvement
3. Creating Economic Reform
4. Fostering Efficiency
Helped end/reduce child labor
Helped make workplaces safer
Helped workers reduce the numbers of hours they worked
Brought about better wages for workers
Helped make our country more Democratic
Secret Ballot - You could go behind a curtain to vote
Direct Primary- Republicans go to the Republican Party & same for Democrats
Initiative - A bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers (Let the people have more power)
Referendum - When voters accept or reject the initiative
Recall - Allowed voters to remove public officials from elected positions
17th and 19th Amendments
17th - Direct election of senators
19th - Allowed women to vote
4. Describe US Foreign Policy in the late 1800's and early 1900's and be able to give examples.(10 points)-Ch. 10
New Diplomacy vs. Old Diplomacy
Old
1. Non-interventionist
The U.S. did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially Europe's
2. Isolationists
The U.S. acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
3. Passive and reactive
The U.S. waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly
4. Weak army and navy
New
1. Imperialistic
Going out and conquering territory to create an empire
Alfred Mahan (look up), Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt
2. Stronger army and navy
3. Interventionists- especially in Central and South America
Becoming more involved in other countries affairs
Monroe Doctrine- A statement to Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere (The Americas)
4. Strong nationalism
Having strong pride and confidence in one's country
War- Spanish American War
US had been interested in Cuba for a long time
US tried to buy Cuba but Spain did not want to get rid of Cuba
Cuba revolted against Spain
USS Maine Sinking
Thought it was a Spanish Mine that blew up the ship in revenge for wanting Cuba
It was actually an internal problem
The Yellow Pres
Instigated the war
United the general public to want war with Spain
Made people feel sorry for the Cubans
Butcher Weyler and the way he treated Cubans in Concentration camps (called him butcher because he “butchered” Cubans in concentration camps)
De Lome Letter
De Lome was saying McKinley was weak
Big Stick Diplomacy -TR
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Other countries knowing we had a big military was enough
“Big stick” stands for military power
We would be the “police officer”
People could come to us with their problems and we would help solve them
Roosevelt Corollary-TR
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine- A statement to Europe to stay out of The Americas
Dollar Diplomacy -Taft
Our banks gave loans to countries which gave us a lot of economic control
Used the US government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by US banks and businesses
Missionary Diplomacy -Wilson
US would not recognize any government that was oppressive, undemocratic, and hostile toward the US
Open Door Policy with China
US held back major powers of the world saving China, saying it should be open for everybody- guaranteed Chinese independence
Opened trading equality for all countries
Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
Very nationalistic
Willing to go to war to protect interests and national honor
Industrialization was occurring
Population was increasing
People were moving from rural areas to the city
Due to the speed of change, traditional values and religion became less important
Propaganda (Persuasive advertising) was common
Democratic governments increased
More people could vote (the poor)
Educating the masses was important
Major countries of the world were at war all the time
Imperialism
Militarism
Lots of poor people- brought around socialism
Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war (MINEA)
Militarism- Big countries were building up their militaries- Country A built theirs up & then Country B wanted to catch up
Imperialism- Going out and conquering territories- Country A and Country B both wanted the same land and so they fought
Nationalism- You think your country is better than the other countries
Economic Competition
Countries(Great Britain, France, and Germany) were competing for colonies, natural resources, and markets
Alliances
What is an alliance- Official group of people that supports you in time of war
If countries were forming alliances, what does that say about the world?- People were forming alliances so they could have each others back
Outbreak of the War- Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife
Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to
Central Powers- Austria- Hungary, German Empire, Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers- Russia, Finland, France, Italy, Great Britain, Ireland, Poland, Ukrainia
- Neutral Powers- Spain, Norway, Iceland, Sweden
Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that
Where- Balkan Peninsula area
Why- Something could cause it to explode in war
What- Balkans were known as the Powderkeg
Be able to identify the event that started WWI
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife
Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved
France
Wanted Land
Wanted a buffer (So they have a 5 second head start if Germany invades-they would invade Rhineland first)
Wanted to cripple Germany's military
Great Britain
Wanted land
Wanted to get German colonies in Africa
Wanted to get Turkish Colonies in the Mid-East
Italy
Wanted land from Austria-Hungary
Russia
Wanted Land from Turkey
Austria-Hungary
Wanted to survive
Germany
Wanted Land from France
Wanted Luxembourg and Belgium
United States
Wanted to win and the end of the war
Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI
Trench Warfare
"No man's land"
Shell Shock- the constant sound of shooting guns- Not able to sleep or relax
Trench foot- People's feet would get wet and eventually rot and then have to have it cut off
Weapons
Bayonet
Flamethrowers
Grenades
Machine Guns (Ground based)
Pistols
Gas Warfare (A terror weapon)
Lachrymator (tearing agent)
Asphyxiant (Chlorine gas- very poisonous)
Mustard Gas (Blistering agent)
Tanks
Artillery
Submarines/U-boats
Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914
President Wilson declared that the U.S. was to be neutral when WWI broke out
1. "Impartial in thought as well as in action"
2. Neutrality was successful for three years
Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers
German sinking of British ships and killing of U.S. citizens
a. Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare
Wilson said, "end the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations
Germany agreed and said that they would stop sinking passenger ships
It is thought they they only agreed to by time for us to back off because they were not ready to fight
Around 8 months later they announced the unrestricted submarine warfare which lead us into the war
The Zimmerman Note
Germany tried to get Mexico to declare war on the United States
Germany promised Mexico that they would get the Mexican Cession back if they won
Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
It was put in the papers and it caused public outrage in the US which pushed us into war
Beliefs of war hawks
Teddy Roosevelt
People that believed that we should already be at war
Trade with England increased
Trade with Germany decreased as years went on
$3 billion in 1916 with England
British and American Propaganda
Preparedness Program (1915)
U.S. started arming and preparing for war
American Business
Munitions business pushed U.S. into war to make money
Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it
What is it- Persuasive advertising
Goals
Conserve food
Buy warbonnets
Get people to enlist
Be able to identify how the convoy system works and the effectiveness of it
*War bonds- How we paid for the war
*U.S. lost almost 117,000 people in WWI
Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel
Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total
Both Military and Civilian
Deaths: 16.5 million
Wounded: 20 million
Total WWI Casualties: 35 million +
Military
Deaths: 9.7 million
Wounded: 21.2 million
Prisoners of War and Missing Soldiers: 7.5 million
Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war-US Homefront
Home-front
Refers to what people did back in the US to help win war
Every country has their own home front
War Industries Board
Headed by Bernard Baruch
Regulated industry in U.S.
Encouraged mass production
Under the War Industries Board, industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover
urged people to conserve food
Had "meatless days" and "wheat-less days"
'Victory gardens" were planted by schools and homes
Prevented hoarding of food by people
Committee on Public Information
Goal was to influence U.S. public opinion to support World War I in their own way
Had a huge propaganda campaign to do so
The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph, and movies to broadcast its message
Americanized German Words:
German measles- liberty measles
Goals
Conserve food
Buy war bonds- get people to buy
Get people to enlist
Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was
The meeting of Allied victors following the end of WWI to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations
It took place in Paris is 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 29 countries
They came up with a series of treaties ("Peace of Paris Treaties") that reshaped the map of Europe and imposed penalties on Germany
Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points
The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918
The speech became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
Other Allied countries did not like the 14 points as they thought it was too easy on Germany
The actual Treaty of Versailles had little to do with the Fourteen Points and so was never ratified by the U.S. Senate
1. An end to secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Free trade for all countries
4. Disarmament
5. End to colonial claims
6. Self-discrimination for all countries- Russia
7. Restoration of Belgium
8. Restoration of France
9. Readjustment of Italy's boundaries
10. Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development
11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored
12. Turkey should be sovereign (independent)
13. Poland would be given their independence
14. The "League of Nations" would be developed
League of Nations
Five Permanent members
Great Britain, France, Italy, U.S. Japan
Four non-permanent members that rotated
All members must submit disputes for investigation, arbitration and settlement
If member nation ignored, League could take action
What type of action?
Economic sanctions
France wanted an international army but US and Great Britain did not
Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to join right away
U.S. never joined- Why?
1. Republicans thought it would pull US into European wars
2. Congress was concerned it would lose it's power to declare war if we joined
Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe
Territorial Losses
The following land was taken away from Germany:
Alsace-Lorraine (given to Franc)
Eupen nd Malmedy (given to Belgium)
Northern Schelswig (given to Denmark)
Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
All the land getting taken away made Hitler take over in WW2
The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies
Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litosk. Some of this land was made into new states: Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land
*Germany lost land*
Military Losses
Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
Germany was not allowed an airforce
Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
The Rhineland area was made in demilitarized zone. No German soldier or weapon
Financial Losses
Coal was an economic loss
The loss of land also caused them financial loss
Germany had to pay $33 billion in war reparations
General
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Cause"
2. Germany had to accept the "war guilt cause" and take blame for WWI
3. A league of Nations was set up to keep world peace
Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
1. Concern over the League of Nations
2. Politics
US signed the U.S.- German Peace Treaty in 1921
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