12/5/16-12/9/16

[1Morgan]

Monday- go over test, start on Chapter 10

America Claims an Empire

Domestic Policy vs. Foreign Policy

Key Terms:

• Domestic Policy- how gov. deals with things within the country
• Foreign Policy- how gov. deals with other countries
• -Pres. has to deal with both
• Imperialism- empire-building- taking over weak countries, often islands
• Diplomacy- how countries officially deal with other countries.
• Militarism- building up a military; using military for settling disputes
• Nationalism- opinion that one's country is greater than others- good to an extent, but shouldn't be taken too far
• Sphere of influence- a country that is not controlled by other countries, but is heavily influenced by them
• Arbitration- the settlement of a dispute by a neutral third party- Teddy Roosevelt was a great arbitrator- won a Nobel for it

-Old Diplomacy- how we used to deal with other countries- this is how we were in the first 150 years or so of our history

• Noninterventionist- the US did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially Europe's
• Isolationist- the US acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
• Passive and reactive- the US waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly
• Somewhat weak army and navy

-New Diplomacy- basically the opposite of Old Diplomacy- today, many countries follow this

• Imperialistic- going out and conquering territory to create an empire- lasted about 30 years- America has military bases stationed all over the globe- Alfred Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Teddy Roosevelt believed in imperialism
• Stronger army and navy
• Interventionist- especially in Central and South America- becoming more involved in other countries affairs- Monroe Doctrine- warning to Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere- lasted through the rest of the century
• Strong nationalism- having strong pride and confidence in one's country

Militarism, Imperialism, and Nationalism were huge causes of WWI

Imperialism became very common with the major powers of the world

Most powerful countries in 1900's:

• Great Britain- strongest navy
• Germany- strong military
• France
• Austria-Hungary- fell apart after WWI
• Italy
• Russia
• US- rising power
• Ottoman Empire- (Turkey)- falling apart
• Japan- rising power

Tuesday-

Why did the US and other countries look to imperialism?

• The western frontier was settled- 1890
• Brings military power and prestige to your country
• Naval bases and refueling stations
• $$$-For natural resources as well as opening new markets to sell your goods (trade)
• Belief in cultural superiority- White Man's Burden
  • McKinley: "to take them all and to educate the Filipinos and uplift and civilize and Christianize them."
  • Taft: We must help "our little brown brothers" on the Philippines.

-Alaska

• Bought from Russia
• People thought it wasn't a worthwhile purchase
• Was very worthwhile- gold, oil, timber, fishing

-Hawaii

• First settled for missionary reasons
• Sugar cane plantations
• Queen Liliuokalani- Last Queen of Hawaii- 1893
  • Tried to take power back- US military overthrew Hawaiian gov
• President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii
• Next president annexed it- August 12, 1898
• Hawaiians didn't want bloodshed- stepped down
• If we didn't take Hawaii, someone else would have- Japan, Great Britain, etc.

Spanish-American War

• By 1900, Spain was a dwindling empire
  • Philippines, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and a few colonies in Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara)
  • The US had been interested in Cuba for a long time- tried to buy Cuba in 1854
• Cubans had been revolting against Spain frequently (1868, 1878, 1886, 1895) wanting independence
• Many felt sorry for Cubans- we had similarly been struggling with Britain only some 100 years earlier

What caused an increase in tension between the US and Spain?

1. In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and the Cubans
2. The conflict was described "bloody and brutal"
3. Newspapers (Yellow Press) reported the brutality of the Spanish General Wayler
   1. The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
   2. American newspapers were clearly pushing the nations towards intervention in the Cuban situation
   3. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer- well-known journalists

Causes of Spanish-American War- 1898

• The USS Maine sinking
• Yellow Press egged on the war- stretched the truth and maybe even lied
• Butcher Wayler and his treatment of Cubans in the "concentration camps"
• The De Lome Letter- intercepted by the Yellow Press- insulted McKinley- meant to be a private letter
• Jose Marti's destruction of US property in Cuba-making it look as though Spain did it- Jose Marti was a major Cuban nationalist
• To help the Cubans get independence

Declaration of War and the Teller Amendment

• On April 25, 1898 the US declared war on Spain
• Teller Amendment was added to the declaration of war against Spain- Guaranteed Cuban independence after the war was over
• Instead, we took the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, etc.

Wednesday- Continue slideshow

Fronts in the Spanish-American War

• Philippines
• Cuba
• Puerto Rico

-War lasted about 3 months

-John Hay "A Splendid Little War"

• Short
• Few casualties- more people died due to disease and accidents than in battle
• won

Treaty of Paris- 1898

• Officially ended war
• Spain gave Cuba independence (kind of)
• US got control of the Philippines ($20 million), Guam, and Puerto Rico

-Misc.

• US Army was not prepared to fight- the Navy was excellent!
• Roughly 3,000 US soldiers died in the war- Only 385 battle deaths- 2,500 died due to disease
• Lasted April 25-August 12, 1898
• The US became an empire for the first time in our history

-Puerto Ricans

• Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917
• Popularly-elected govornors have searved since 1948
• In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government
• In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, 1998, voters chose to retain commonwealth status
• In 2012, the majority of Puerto Ricans voted for statehood- it is now up to Congress

-Cuba

• In 1898, Spain gave control of Cuba to the US with the Treaty of Paris
• In 1902, the US granted Cuba its independence as promised with the Teller Amendment
• The US retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence and stability with the Platt Amendment- independent, but strings attached
• The US got control of Guantanamo Bay as well, a naval base we still have control of today
• In 1934, the Platt Amendment was repealed

-Philippines

• Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898
• After the Spanish-American War, the US took over the islands for $20 million in the 1898 Treaty of Paris
• Philippine-American War
  • Broke out after the Filipinos realized that the US would not give them independence
  • It ended with American control over the islands
  • 12,000-20,000 Filipino soldiers dead
  • 200,000-1.5 million Filipino civilians die- some contend US committed genocide
• In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status
• Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by WWII when the Japanese invaded and took them over
• Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945
• On July 4, 1946, the Philippines attained its independence

China

• By the late 1800's it was looking as if China would be carved up like Africa had been
• China wanted to prevent this from happening
• The Boxer Rebellion- Chinese people rebelled
• John Hay- open door policy- keep China independent and all countries allowed to trade w/ China

Thursday- Talk semester tests, continue powerpoint

Foreign Policy:

-The Roosevelt Corollary

• An addition to the Monroe Doctrine
• Said that the US would be the police officer between Latin America and Europe
• The US would use force to protect interests in Latin America
• America "If you have a problem with Latin America, come to us, we'll settle it"
• Roosevelt- international police officer

Big Stick Diplomacy- "Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick"- Roosevelt

• Big Stick=military power
• Don't cause trouble, but be prepared to defend yourself
• Used the potential threat of military power to get what we wanted

Dollar Diplomacy-President Taft

• Economic imperialism- taking over other economies
• US banks were in control of many businesses in Latin America
• US said it was needed to keep European powers out of Latin America
• "Substituting dollars for bullets"
• Investing in other countries- Latin America, specifically

President Woodrow Wilson

• Wilson's ethical and religious beliefs also influenced his foreign policy
• Practiced "missionary diplomacy"
  • US would not recognize any government that was oppressive, undemocratic and hostile toward the US

Friday- WWI work day