1. What were the causes of WWI in Europe?
*militarism*
-wanted to protect empires and colonies
-further national pride
-tried to out do each other
-by 1914 most allied national had strong, well built military
-Germany attempted to build a more stronger navy the Great Britain
-this caused Great Britain to ally itself with Russia and France.
*alliances*
-Great Britain
-France
-Russia
How it formed:
-germany refused to sign a peace treaty with Russia, so Russia turned to seek an alliance with France.
-France around the same time was almost to war between Germany and European Central Power
-France needed an alliance and seeked it with Russia
-Theophile Delcasse was against German policy and hoped to become allies with GB
-GB and France made peace, and GB made allies with France
-GB made setting agreements with Russia
-The Triple Entente was created to oppose the Triple Alliance
*imperialism*
-European countries wanted part of Asia and most of Africa
-other places were high in demand as well
why?
-competition for land increased and desires for greater empires increases
-disagreements pushed for war
-the want for colonies made rivalries stronger introducing more conflicts
*nationalism*
-Austria-Hungary = one main focal point of nationalistic tendencies
-almost 40 nations
-Austria and Hungary = main power
-This caused resentment to other nationalities
-resentment made nationalities want to break away from the empire.
-Russia was a Slavic nation
-encouraged Slavs to break away from Austria-Hungarian Empire a few times.
*assassination of Archduke Franz Fernanda*
-people didn't like his decisions (he was the air to the throne)
-too prideful and mistrusting.
-was invited to the capital of Austria, Sarajevo. Serbian group known as the Black Hands killed him while there.
-though he wasn't well liked, it was an excuse for Austria to go to war with Serbia
-Gavrilo Princip shot Ferdinand and Sophie.
Triple Alliance:
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
-Italy
How it formed:
1879 Otta van Bismark (ruler of New German Empire) made a Duel-Alliance with Austria-Hungary
-France made it so Italy couldn't advance forward by controlling Tunis
-This Upset Italy
-Italy signed a secret treaty, becoming allies with Germany and Austria-Hungary
2. What were the major alliances of WWI?
Alliances:
Allied Powers (Entente Powers)
Japan
United States
Great Britain
France
Russia
Italy
Czechoslovakia Legions
Romania
Greece
Montenegro
Belgium
Serbia
Central Powers:
Germany
Austria Hungary
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Kingdom of Bulgaria
3. What were the goals of WWI for all the major countries involved?
*USA Goals
-Make WW1 the very last of wars
-wanted to peacefully end the war
-USA wanted to stop unrestricted warfare by the Germans
-Wanted to make the world safe for democracy (government system where people have freedom)
*Germany's Goals
-Wanted GB territories in Africa
-Wanted to isolate France
*Austro-Hungarian's Goals
-Control Serbia
-Control the Ottoman Empire
-Defend the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary
*French Goals
-Avenge previous Military defeats
-Cripple German Industrial Capacity
-Become the Dominate Continental Power (major power in Europe)
*GB's goals
-Maintain Superpower Status, they were top three wanted to be #1
-Abate the German Threat
Protect France and Belgium
*Italy's Goals
-Take over Germany's Colonies in Africa
-Divert attention from Domestic Issues
*Russia's flag
-Eliminate Germany
-Gain control of the Bosporus
4. What were some of the major land battles prior to US involvement-1914-March, 1917?
*Battle of Guise
-Also referred to as the Battle of Guise-St. Quentin
-Launched by French General Lanrezac's Fifth Army
-took place on 8/29.1914 (early in the war)
-France Vs. Germany - Germany won
*Battle of Cambrai - 1917
-German vs. UK(Britain) -stalemate
-tanks were used the first time
-German tank came later in the war
*First Battle of Champagne, 1914
-French vs. German - stalemate
-French Commander-in-Chief was determined to win the war quickly
-trenches extended from Nieuport to Verdun
*Battle of Mulhouse, 1914
-French vs. German (one of first battles) German won
-started strategies of plan 17 from the French
-French are really good at their battle tactics
*Battle of Verdun
-Germany vs. French (French = winners)
-fought for land
-lasted 10 months
*Battle of the Liege
-Belgium vs. Germany (Germans won)
wanted to get through to France
-first battle of war
*battle of the Somme 1916
-British & French won - advanced a 30 mile strip that was 7 miles deep.
-British & French vs. Germans
-British wanted to inflict heavy losses to the German Army.
-why did so many die?
.theory of attrition - you would eventually grind down your enemy and that you would have to yield.
.the inexperienced volunteer armies. mostly on the Germany side.
*Battle of the Ypers 1914
-GB, French, Belgium vs. Germany
-why at Ypers? -stratigic position, -canals and rivers linked to the ocean, -height advantage of Mesen Ridge
-1.7 million casualties deaths
-weather made fighting difficult
-first to use gas
5. What were some of the major naval battles of WWI?
-There was a lot of battles in the North Sea
- Britain tried blocking Germany off from overseas trade and resources
- The first battle was the Helioland Bight on August 28,1914
- UK vs Germany
UK had 5 battle Cruisers
8 light cruisers
33 destroyers
8 submarines
Germany had 6 light cruisers
19 torpedo boats
12 mine sweeps
Battle of Coronel
- November 1, 1914
- UK VS Germany
Battle of Falkland Islands
- Britain Vs Germany
-British won
6. What were the US reactions to WWI starting in 1914?
WW1 was a turning point in our History
neutrality of US in war.
(Woodrow Wilson - wanted the US to stay neutral. US entered April 6, 1917.)
7. What were the causes for US involvement in WWI?
(1) Zimmerman Note -
-Proposed a military alliance against the US
-stated that Us was in danger of war
(2) Lusitania attacked by German U-boats
1 of 90 ships attacked by German U-boats
8. What were the major land battles for the US in WWI?
April 1917-November 1918
*Battle of Cantigny - 1918
-US France and Germany
-North of Paris
-General Robert L. Bullard
-First battle of the AEF - American Expedition Force - first division (Pursing)
-First US offensive and Victory for the AEF
*3rd Battle of Aisne 1918
-Battle of the German Spring Offensive
-2 month battle
-Aisne River near Paris
-France Britain Us vs. Germany
-German won
*The Battle of Belleau Wood 1919
-France, British Empire, Us vs. Germany
-1,811 killed 7,966 wounded
-lots of Germans killed, 1,600 captured
-Allies won.
-We took over Belleau wood a total of six times before Germans finally were expelled.
*Battle of Le Hamel 1918
-Hamel, France
-Australia, US, Britain vs. German Empire
-John Monash was general for Alli side
-Allies won
-successful to advance towards the western front
*Second Battle of Marne 1918
-France, Britain, Us, Italy vs. German
-France; 95,000 dead/wounded. Britain:16,000 dead/wounded. Italy; 9,000 died/wounded
-Allies won
-last major spring German offensive
*Hundred Days Offensive 1918
-Amiens, France to Mon, Belgium
France, British, Britain, Australia, vs. German and Austria-Hungary
-Allies won
-Collapsed the German Empire
9. What were the major military strategies for winning the war for both Allied and Central Powers?
*The Schlieffen Plan (Germany)
-main idea: win a two-front war by quickly defeating France in the west then turning east to fight Russia
-scheduled 39 days for the fall of Paris and 42 for the capitulation of France
-Had to go through Belgium to get to France (attacking France from behind)
-plan failed because Germany's right flank got too far ahead and left the supplies too far behind.
-slowed down by the British because the British promised to keep Belgium neutral and safe
-major drawback; called for the invasion of a neutral side.
*Plan 17 (French)
-presented plan in 1913
-began plan 17 with 5 initiatives, aka the Battle of the Frontiers
-unlike the other plans, it wasn't a plan of concentration and it didn't include a fixed military
-failed to accomplish the battle of Charleroi
-invaded a German area with a lot of French people living in it
*plan G (Russia)
-Russians put together two plans - plans G & plan A (aka plan 19)
-plan G was in case Germany would do an all out attack against Russia which was the opposite of what happened.
*Plan A (aka plan 19) (Russia)
-less drastic with it's initial sacrafice of Russian manpower
-They would go to East Prussia and to Silesia and the to Central Germany
-ended up failing because Germany defeated Russia at Tannenber and the First and Second Battles of Masurian Lakes.
*American Expeditionary Forces
-all of the American people were sent over by President Wilson
-first American troops were called Doughboys
-AEF didn't fight until late October 1917 and, left all their weapons behind and used French and British weapons
*Plan B and Plan R (Austria-Hungary)
B) outlined the requirement for 6 Austria-Hungarian armies in the feild and 3 to invade Serbia
(wanted to fight Russia and Serbia)
R) opted to fight Russia over Serbia instead of splitting into two parts to fight both
*UK/Britain
-British Expeditionary Force was going to transport
-Got transported to the continent and then went the rest of the way on the Railroad to Belgium
-were going in to help the French
-Put blockades Germany
10. What were some of the weapons of WWI?
11. Describe trench warfare.
12. Describe what happened on the US Home Front in WWI.
-Military Draft;
Selective Service Act; Authorized males between 18 and 45 years old. 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million were drafted. couldn't find a substitute if you were drafted.
-Women: had to take charge of the mens job for the first time in history.
Worked in assembly lines, worked in department stores, elevator operators, made meals that were nutritious but conserved food. worked in the red cross.
Everyone had a impact on the war
-Food: US Food Administration made a campaign that taught the US how to manage food.
Farm income increased more then 230% from 1914 - 1919
-They had Wheatless Mondays and Meatless Tuesdays
-The Great Migration:
14% more AFrican Americans lost their lives compared to the whites
African didn't agree with that
AA's had to set up protests against discrimination
moved from southern towns to big northern cities
-The Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed:
if you said or did anything that was against Americas involvement in WW1 you were punished.
Questioned anything that the US did about the war you were punished
Usually heavy fine or arrested
-Economy;
when war started the economy was in recession
being involved with the war shifted the national production in goods
unemployment declined from 7.9 - 1.4 %
the tax rate on income was $50,000 and increased by 18%
war bonds: people gave loans to the government (depends on how much they thought of themselves to be worth)
13. Describe Wilson's 14 Points.
1) no more secret alliances between countries.
2)absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas.
3)an end to all economic and trade barriers between nations
4)a general reduction of arms to ensure public safety.
5) decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial(everyone should have a say)(fairness)
6)The German Army was to be removed from Russia so it could politically develop itself without forced help.
7)Belgium should be evacuated of all foreign soldiers and restored.
8)France should be evacuated and fully liberated, including the Alsace-Lorraine
9)The clear readjustment of the Italian border
10)Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
11)The Balkan States ( which includes the countries listed above) should be restored with freedom of the seas for Serbia. (Balkans, Montenegro, Serbia,)
12)The Turkish people should be allowed to govern themselves Independence for Turkey. Also, the Dardanelles(river straights) should be permanently open for access.
13)Poland should have independence as well as freedom of the seas.
14)A league of nations should be developed in order to protect world peace.
Summary: These 14 points were exactly what Germany was expecting to be on the treaty hat ended the war. However, the meeting between leaders of England, France, Italy and America did not go as planned. In the end, the Treaty of Versailles was born, and didn't look much like Wilson's 14 points.
14. Describe the points of the Treaty of Versailles.
Main Points:
-peace settlement was signed after WW1 ended in 1918
-the treaty was signed in Versailles Palace near Paris
-The Versailles Palace was considered the most appropriate because of its size
-Many ppl were involved in the final signing
-there were 3 important politicians that attended: David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau(France).
total deaths of war: 8.5 million, 21 million wounded.
-The league of Nations was created even if Germany got excluded from it.
-The land had to be handed over to Poland, France, Belgium, Denmark and the land that Germany had to hand over they did.
-all the land that was taken from Russia had to be taken back to Russia
-Germany's army had to reduce to 100,000 men
-Germany's navy had to reduce to 6 battleships and no submarines Germany could not afford any battleships after the war.
-Woodrow Wilson was willing to give up a lot of his points to make sure it happened
-Germany had to pay war payments.
-Had to take responsibility to the war
(left a bad taste in Germany's mouth.)
(Hitler used it as a motive to get back at.)
Peace Settlements
-Austria signed the Treaty of St. Germain
-Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon
-the 2 countries were treated completely diff after they signed the Treaties.
15. Why did the US never pass the Treaty of Versailles?
(A peace treaty that was signed at the end of WW1)
signed June 1919
Gilt Clause
-The war guilt clause placed all the responsibility of the war on Germany
-The Allies had Germany pay for their war debt which only put the already economically weak nation further into debt
-the public anger towards the treaty basically helped put people like Hitler into power
Reperations
-Germany was forced to pay Belgium and France because of the treaty
-The total sum of war reparations demanded form Germany was around 226 billion Reichsmarks (about 750 billion on today money(Treaty of Versills)
-In 1921 it was reduced to 132 billion Reichsmarks, at that time, 31.4 billion (about 385 billion US $'s)
-Germany was forced to provide France, Belgium, and ITaly with millions of tons of coal for 10 yrs
-However, under the control of Adolf Hitler, GErmany stopped the deliveries of coal within a few years
-Violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Forms: coal, steal, money
US Rejects Treaty:
-the US senators were divided into 2 groups but it needed 3 groups for a 2/3 vote to pass the treaty
-one group was the Irreconcilables
-The closest the treaty came to be passed was on November 1919
-It was very close to a two-thirds vote, but president Wilson rejected the treaty and a handful of democrats followed
Irreconcilable: bitter opponents of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany:
-Germans of all political races denounced the treaty
-Particularly for the reason that it planed Germany for starting the war
-the referred to it as the "ditktat" which means dictation
-called it a murderous plan
-after a major resignation of their leader Scheidemann, a new government was formed
-the new government lead up to Germany signing the treaty in June 1919
Germany's great depression:
-it was rumored that the Jews didn't support the war and basically sold out Germany to its enemies
16. Why did the Allied Powers win WWI?
two sides:
Allies:France, GB, Russia, later the US, some smaller countries
Central powers:Germany,
Why the allies won:
-US was strong w/ well trained army
-Germany underestimated the US
Major mistakes
1)Germany's frontal attacks (just ran at opponent)
2)Navy unwilling to fight
3)The U-Boat war
-some costly mistakes
Allies Naval Blockade
-one of the greatest moves for the allies
-blocked all supplies from getting into Germany from the sea
-GB thrived from this
Tanks
-development of tanks was in WW1
-before them, Germany only had defensive weapons
end of war: November 11, 1919 all fighting ended at 11 a.m.
17. Describe the impact WWI had on the world.
Government Changes:
-after the war, socialism became more popular in the European countries
-even more popular was the Republic type of government
-before the war there were 19 Monarchs and 3 republics in Europe, and after there were 13 monarchs and 14 republics and 2 regencies
Economic Changes:
-technological advances skyrocketed
-the use of machinery to do the tasks of humans would normally have to do and made 8 hr work days gave boost to the economy
-Europe had major debt after the war owing its allies as much as 10 billion dollars
-they rapidly printed money to try to fix the problem but it created inflation
Physiological Effect
-people lost their trust in political leaders and government officials
-people were wondering why the war was fought at all
-people no longer thought that the government could serve the best interests of the people
-a grim acceptance of reality replaced the optimistic dreams of their ancestors
Espionage Act of 1917
-law passed in America
-prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations to support US enemies during war time, to promote insubordination during war time, or to interfere with recruitment
-it's still being changed to this day
18. How did countries react to the Treaty of Versailles?
Comments