Monday- start presentations
Causes of WWI- New Diplomacy- Acronym MAIN
- Militarism- grew in military because they wanted to grow in power
- Alliances- if a country's ally joined the war, so would they- formed because they didn't trust other countries
- Imperialism- countries always taking over colonies- everyone wanted more land
- Nationalism- everyone thought that they were be best
Immediate cause- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist
Alliances-
- Central Powers- Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire
- Allied Powers- Serbia, Russia, France, UK, Italy, Belgium, Japan, Montenegro, Romania, Portugal, Cuba, US
- Neutral- Argentina, Chile, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Spain Venezuela, Sweden, Switzerland
Pre-War Alliances
- Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Triple Entente- Britain, France, Russia
- Alliances between 6 major powers mainly dictated the sides throughout the war
Reasons for Alliances-
- Central powers- Formed before the war (Triple Alliance) to say they would share war supplies in case of war
- Allies- Formed during war around the Triple Ententes, which was formed before the war
- Italy joined secretly leaving the Triple Alliance
- US joined after a boat was sunk by a German U-Boat
Three Major Strategies- all failed
- Schlieffen Plan- Germany
- 90% of Germany's armed forces to attack France
- The rest of the Germans protected the border from any Russian attack
- Didn't work because Belgium dug trenches on their borders- Germans never made it to Paris
- Plan 17- France
- French Army to advance into Lorraine and Ardennes
- Ultimate goal was to take over Germany
- Plan 19- Russia
- Russian troops were to immediately invade Prussia to stop the advance of German Troops into France
- Didn't work due to revolution
Germany's Goal for the War:
- Weaken France- rivals for decades
- Annex land from Belgium- turn it into a vessel for German Empire
- They and Austria-Hungary wanted to become a colonial power during war
Tuesday- Continue Presentations
Causes for American involvement
- Originally going to stay neutral
- Germany killed unarmed civilians- destroyed whole villages
- Ties- allies- much stronger ties with countries belonging to Allied Powers
- Unrestricted submarine warfare in North Atlantic and Mediterranean- ships getting sunk, Americans getting killed
- Germany wanted Mexico to ally with them- telegram intercepted by British, who gave it to Americans, who were angry
- Propaganda swayed people- felt sorry for Europe- Belgium
Major Battles
- Some Offensive
- August 8th-November 11th 1918
- Purpose- Take control of 24 km stretch of the River
- British and French vs German
- 57,470 casualties- bloody
- Lots of battles within this battle
- No clear winner
- Interesting fact- Anne Frank's father and Hitler both fought in this battle
- Oise/Aisne
- August 18th-November 11th, 1918
- 4,000 German guns open fired a the French on 24 mile long stretch of the allied lines
- Aisne River in Eastern France
- The British and French vs Germans
- Battle of Ypres
- 30th division- August 18th
- 27th division- August 23rd
- Allies advanced advanced on August 31
- Ended September 4th
- Belgium made the US a monument
- St. Mihiel
- Southeast of Berdon
- Sept. 12th-16, 1918
- First battle that completely led by Americans
- Most significant battle
- General John Pershing
- Meuse Argonne
- Sept. 26- Nov. 11, 1918
- US and France vs Germany
- General John Pershing
- France, Forest of Argonne
- Final Campaign
- US and French adcance
- Germany driven out
Wednesday- continue presentations
- Virrorio Veneto
- October 24-November 3, 1918
- Italian Army vs Austrian Army
- Vittorio Veneto
- Austria attacked Italy
- Italian army won
Our group presents
Thursday- Finish our group presentation
Airplanes used at the beginning of WWI-
- Recon- getting info
- Non-lethal battles
Middle to end of war-
- Bomber
- late war
- both sides used them
- luck targeting
- Fighter
- used grenades at first
- mounted gun
Recon war blimps
- Germany, France, Italy
- Germany most effective
- Used in naval battles
- Mostly for recon
Fokker Eindecker
- German
- Interrupter
- Big advantage for beginning war
- Until French were next to synchronize
Gotha Bomber
- German long range bomber
- 500 miles
- First big bomber of the time
Albatros D.III
- Flown by many German aces
- Gave Germans another advantage
Aces:
Manfred Von Richthofen
- Red Baron
- Most Famous German ace
- 80 confirmed kills- most in WWI
- Shot down at age 25 at the end of the war
Eddie Rickenbacker
- American
- Top US ace with 26 confirmed kills
- Survived the war
Georges Guynemer
- Top French
- Died ate age 22- shot down
- 53 confirmed kills
Mick Mannock
- Top British Ace
- 61 confirmed kills
- Shot down ate age 31
Rene Fonck
- French
- 75 confirmed kills
- Top Allied ace
- survived the war
Albert Ball
- UK
- 44 confirmed Kills
- died at age 20
- when he died famous German ace Richtofen said "he was the best English pilot by far"
Tanks
- 1st use of tanks as a combat system
- UK and France made the most
- Germany, Italy, and America used them, too
Friday- talk semester test, continue presentations
Trench warfare
Wilson's 14 Points
- Outline to end the war
- Goals to achieve throughout the war
- Wilson wanted lasting peace for the world
- Wilson wanted to make clear why they were fighting
- Wilson was the only leader to publicly give his war goals
- Wanted harmony and to appease all countries
Points: *1-5 and 14 are key ones
1. Open Diplomacy
- No private international understanding
- No secret treaties between powers
2. Freedom of the Seas
- Seas are in peace and of war
- Freedom of navigation of the seas
- Outside of territorial waters
3. Removal of Economic Barriers
- Equality of trade condition among all nations
- Provide a system of collective for all nations
4. Reductions of Armaments
- Removing military weapons/equipment
- Easy for US due to location
- Europe didn't agree
5. Adjustment of colonial claims
- Colonies set by people living there
- People want independence
- Colony owners should listen
- Limit countries
6. Conquered territories in Russia
- Restoration of Russia
- Freedoms
- Freedom to establish political system
- Russia allowed to determine gov't
- German troops exit
7. Preservation of Belgian Sovereignty
- German troops exit Belgium
- They will become an independent country
- Belgium restored
8. Restoration of French Territory
- French territory freed
- Invaded portions restored
- France regain all territory
- Alsace-Lorraine
9. Redrawing of Italian Frontier
- Italians should move to Italy
- Established a border
10. Division of Austria-Hungary
- Austria-Hungary will remain an independent country
- Self-determination for people living there- own gov't
- Opportunity for Autonomous development
- Gave them protection
11. Redrawing of Balkan Boundaries
- Military evacuated from Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro
- Independence for Balkan states
- Establish borders
- Serbia should have access to the sea
12. Limitations of Turkey
- Portions of Turkey under possession of Ottoman Empire are given independence
- Other nations under Turkish rule are assured security of life and are left in peace with opportunity to create their own gov't
13. Establishment of an Independent Poland
- Germany tried to take over Poland
- Poland didn't want that
- Wilson didn't want tension- declared that Poland should be independent
14. Creation of an Association of Nations
- Worldwide peace-keeping organization
- US created it but never joined
- Republicans controlled congress- didn't want to be pulled into war
- No military force- made it challenging to get anything done
- Lasted 26 years
- Then the United Nations was formed
Result of the 14 points
- Helped bring Germany to peace talks
- Treaty of Versailles came around
- Much harsher against Germany
- Treaty of Versailles included a "Guilt Clause"- blamed Germany for war
- Germany had to pay reparation to Allie
- France wanted this due to Germany destroying their economy
Treaty of Versailles
- France didn't like the 14 points- not harsh enough on Germany
- Went to US and made Treaty of Versailles
- Ended WWI and spurred of WWII
- Took lots of territory from Germany
- Alsace Lorraine given to France
- Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium
- Northern Schleswig given to Denmark
- West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia given to Poland
- Hultschin given to Czechslovakia
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