12/10/18-12/14/18

[6gia]

8/31/18

Chapter 1 and 2

 

World History Introduction Ch-1

 

• George washington university paleoanthropologist bernard wood

• Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence

• What is world history bc before christ, ad anno domini

• Before christ and anno domini( latin for “in the year of our lord”)

• How old is the earth- 4.6 billion years

• What are some of the biggest achievements in world history- invention of tools, invention of wheels, mastery of fire, development of language, inventions of boats.

• Where were the oldest human fossils found- africa specifically tanzania, ethiopia and recently morocco

• Archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery of artifacts

• What is a paleoanthropologist

 

Louis and mary leakey-

 

• Searched for hominid remains in tanzania from the 1930

• Discovered a 3.2 million year old fossil of a female skeleton in ethiopia named “lucy” in 1974

• This was the oldest known hominid remains found until 2015

• 500,000 years older than lucy

 

 

Tuesday(9/4/18)-

 

• Earliest homo sapiens

• Found in morocco africa june, 2017

• Oldest homo sapiens fossils found so far

• Previous oldest was 150,000 years ago

• All of these lead to..homo sapiens around 200,000

 

agricultural/neolithic revolution-

 

• Prior to more organized agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants-hunter-gather

• They lived in groups

• As time went on, people started up villages, which then over time turned into towns and then some into cities

• As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilizations

• As cities grew, social classes emerged

 

Define civilization-

 

• A highly advanced society

 

The five traits of a civilization-

 

• Advances cities

• writing / record keeping

• Specialized workers

• Complex institutions

• Advanced technology

 

 

Questions to consider

 

• What are natural borders

• What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization

• Why are defensible borders important for a civilization to thrive

• Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 B.C

• Fertile soil, mild climate, waterway for transportation

 

 

Ch 2-1-

 

• Fertile crescent- see map

• Mesopotamia- greek land between the rivers

• City-state- a city and the surrounding territory it controls

• Functioned like an independent country

• Dynasty- a series of rules from a single family-father to son

• Cultural diffusion- process in which ideas spread from one culture to another

• Polytheism-belief in many gods

• Monotheism-belief in only one god

• Empire-group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler

 

Ch 2-4

 

• Mandate from heaven

 

A just ruler that has approval from the gods

An unjust ruler can lose their mandate to rule

 

• Dynastic Cycle

 

The rise, fall and replacement of dynastic

 

10/12/18-

Geography of greece-

 

• Greece is a small country in europe

• The main part of greece in on a peninsula

• Greece is surrounded by what three large bodies of water.

• The sea was extremely important to the greeks

• Did not live on the land but around the sea

• Most greeks lived within 85 miles of the sea

• Used the sea as a means of transportation

• Mountains covered around 75% of greece

• Due to mountains transportation over land was difficult

• Greeks did not have much fertile land for agriculture

• Due to these issues ancient greece never had a large population-no more than a few million.

• Records of olympics date to 776 BC and lasted until 393 AD when the romans ended them.

• Lasted one day at first but eventually extended to five days.

• Happens every four years an olympiad

• 2000-1500 BC

• Heavily influenced by the egyptian and mesopotamian civilizations

• Named after legendary cretan king minos of greek mythology

• Known for its trade on the seas

• Minoans- known for its advanced cities-knossos

• Known for women having much higher status than in earlier civilization

 

Downfall of the minoans-

 

• Around 1500 BC, the minoan civilization ended abruptly

• Overtaken by the mycenaeans

• Historians think it could have been an earthquake which labeled cities

 

Plato-

 

• Greek philosopher

• Only known source discussing location of atlantis

• Controlled the area around greece from 1600 BC-1100 BC

• Heavily influenced by the minoans

• Much more war like

• Known for their trade around the mediterranean sea, aegean sea

• Known for their privacy

 

Persian wars(greco-persian) 499-499 BCE-

 

• Fought between the persian empire and greek city states

 

Why did perian want greece?

 

• Wealth and resources

• Increase the prestige of the king

• End the numerous rebellions in the western part of their empire

 

Ionians revolt-499-493 BCE

 

• The ionians(greeks)

• Led a revolt after cyrus the great died

• The ionian revolt was led by athenian general miltiades

• Ionia asked athens to help them which they did

 

Miltiades escapes-

 

• Escaped back to athens and told the athenians that the persians were coming to burn athens

• Persian peace-

• Darius sent an envoy to greek city-states in 491 BCE asking then to submit to the persians

• What did they do in response

• They killed all of them

• Persia was the largest empire in the world at the time and consisted of millions of people

• Ancient greece was about 500,000 total people

• It was truly a david vs. goliath battle

• Athens and sparta had been enemies for hundreds of years

• They now fought not for athens but for greece

• 90,000 persians

• 10,000-20,000 greeks

• Greek hoplites vs persians archers

• Who won? Athens

 

11/19/18-

Ch 6-Ancient Rome- 500 BCE-500 CE

 

• Milliarium aureum

• Translates to “Golden Milestone”

• Was a marble nor gilded bronze statue erected by caesar Augustus in 20 BCE

• All roads were thought to have started here and all distances were measured in relation to it

 

Romulus and Remus-

 

• Sons of Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, king Numitor had been deposed by his younger brother Amulius, who forced Rhea to become one of the Vestal Virgins in order to prevent her from giving birth so her children wouldn’t try to claim the throne

• Regardless, Rhea bore the twins Romulus and Remus, after falling in love with the war god Mars

• Amulius ordered the infants drowned in the Tiber River, but the soldiers ordered to do so felt bad so they put the babies in a little basket and floated them down the river

• A she-wolf found them and fed them until they were found by the herdsman Faustulus

• Raised by Faustulus and his wife, the twins became leaders of a band of adventurous youths, eventually killing Amulius and restoring their grandfather to the throne

• They decided to build a city in honor of this but….

• They couldn’t agree on the location of the city they wanted to build so they each build their own city

• They start fighting after Remus makes fun of the short walls that Romulus was building so they start fighting and…..

• Romulus defeats Remus and builds his city on Palatine Hill naming it after himself-Roma

• Why did Rome ending up being the place of the next great civilization in the west? Location

 

More Advantages of Rome’s Geography-

 

• Contained large plains making it easy to farm

• Position made it easier for Rome to conquer other lands and gain new territory

 

The First Romans 1000 BC-500 BC-

 

• Latins

• Built the original settlement at Rome on Palatine Hill

• This is where Romulus and Remus were found by the she-wolf

 

The Greeks--750-600 BC

 

• Established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily

• Brought Greek ideas to Italy

 

 

3. The Etruscans

 

• Came from northern Italy

• Skilled metalworkers and engineers

• Had a writing system with an alphabet that the Romans adopted

• Greatly influenced Roman architecture

• Introduced the arch

• Outside of Greece, one of the most advanced civilizations in Europe during this time

• Not much is know about them since there are no Etruscan history documents or literature

 

The Roman Republic 509-27 BC-

 

• Set up after King Tarquin was overthrown in 509 BC

• Set up republic

• A form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have a right to vote for their leaders

• Citizens were free-born males only

• SPQR-senatus populusque Romanus

• The senate and people or rome

 

Who were Roman Citizens-

 

• The roman concept of the citizen evolved over time

• All males over 15 who were descended from the original tribes of Rome became citizens

• Citizens of Rome distinguished themselves from slaves and other non citizens by wearing a toga

• The full citizen could vote, marry freeborn persons, and buy and sell things (commerce)

• Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office, but maintained the other rights

• Some citizens could vote and practice commerce, but could not hold office or marry freeborn women

• In the late Republic, male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens

 

The Roman Republic-

 

• Patricians

• Plebeians

• Slaves and Freedmen

 

Patricians-

 

• The upper class – wealthy landowners

• Very small group – 5% of the population

• Controlled the most valuable land, held the key military and religious offices

 

Plebeians-

 

• The lower class - peasants, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers

• Very large group- 95% of the population

• Very few privileges and say but could vote(males)

• Paid most of taxes and served in the army

 

• Rome’s leaders eventually allowed plebeians to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes

 

• Why would they do this?

• Because plebeians would refuse to work and be in the military

• These tribunes worked to protect the rights of plebeians

• Why was this an important step for the “common people”?

 

The Roman Republic-The Government

 

• Dictators were chosen by the Consuls and elected by the Senate in times of crisis

• They had absolute power for six months to make laws and control the army

• Then had to stop down

• Why allow this?

 

Example of Roman Dictator-

 

• Cincinnatus- Cincinnati, Ohio is named after him

• During a severe military emergency,the Roman Senate called Cincinnatus from his farm to serve as dictator and to lead the Roman army

• Cincinnatus stepped down from the dictatorship and returned to his farm only 15 days after he successfully defeated Rome’s enemies

• The republican leaders resumed control over Rome at that time

 

The Twelve Tables-The Law-

 

• In 451 BCE, some officials started writing down Rome’s laws onto tablets

• These became the Twelve Tables and the basis for Roman law

• These Twelve Tables were held in the Forum-their government building

• The laws were designed to guarantee treatment under the law

 

More Examples from the Twelve Tables-

 

• IV. 2 "If a father surrender his son for sale three times, the son shall be free.”

• VI. 2 Marriage by `usage' (usus): If a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter.

• VIII. 2 "If a person has maimed another's limb, let there be retaliation in kind, unless he agrees to make compensation with him." (Lex talionis)

• VIII. 23 "Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock.“

• IX. 6 "Putting to death... of any man who has not been convicted, whosoever he might be, is forbidden.“

• XI. 1 "Marriage shall not take place between a patrician and a plebeian.“

• ? "There are eight kinds of punishment: fine, fetters, flogging, retaliation in kind, civil disgrace, banishment, slavery, death."

 

The Roman Republic-The Military-

 

• The military was a very important part of making Rome into a major power

• All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the military

• Legions were made up of large (5,000) groups of infantry-Next Slide

• Legions were broken down into smaller(80) groups of man called a century

• A centurion led the century

 

Roman Treatment Of People Taken Over-

 

• Areas right next to Rome, such as the Latins, became full Roman citizens

• In other areas of Italy further away, groups became citizens, but could not vote

• In areas outside of Italy, groups became allies

• Groups were able to govern themselves but were expected to supply troops when needed and not make treaties with other groups

• This lenient policy allowed the Roman Empire to last a long time.

 

Punic??-

 

• “Punic” comes from the Latin word Poenicus, meaning “an inhabitant of Carthage”

• Carthage was founded by Phoenicians, and Poenicus is the Latin word for “Phoenician”

• Remember the Phoenicians??

 

Rome vs. Carthage-3 Punic Wars(264-146 BCE)

 

• The First Punic War Was fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean

• Lasted 23 years-264-241 BCE

• Rome won

• The 2nd Punic War was started by Carthage to get revenge from the previous loss

• Lasted 16 years-218-202 BCE

• Rome won

 

The Second Punic War(218-202 BCE)-

 

• Hannibal, a brilliant Carthaginian general, led a massive surprise attack on Rome

• Led a force of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants up through Spain, France and into italy crossing the Alps mountains in the process

• Lost nearly half of his men and most of his elephants before reaching the Romans

• For almost ten years, Hannibal marched his men up and down italy

• Had a lot of victories,but ultimately lost when the Romans(Scipio) attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return home

• Rome won

 

Third Punic War(149-146 BCE)-

 

• 53 years after the 2nd Punic War

• Rome went on the offensive and laid siege to Carthage

• The Romans burned the city and 50,000 people were sold into slavery

• With Carthage out of the picture, Rome would continue it’s conquests in the upcoming decades

 

Ch. 6.2 Key Terms-

 

• Civil War

• Julius Caesar

• Triumvirate

• Augustus

• Pax Romana

 

The Roman Republic Falls Apart-

 

• Why?

• The growing gap between rich and poor-income inequality

• As Rome took over areas, it took in slaves as well

• By 100 BCE, slaves made up 33% of Rome’s population

• Small farmers couldn’t compete with the rich landowners and had to sell land leaving them homeless-many became soldiers

• The “victorious soldiers problem”

• Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, were murdered, after pushing for giving land to the poor

 

Gaius Julius Caesar’s Resume-

 

• Grew up in a patrician family

• Father died when he was 16

• Married Cornelia in 84 BCE

• Became the High priest of Jupiter

• There was a Civil War in Rome and the person Caesar backed lost

• Due to this, Caesar joined the military to hide from sulia, the new dictator

 

Julius Caesar’s Resume-

 

• After Sulla’s death, Caesar returned to Rome and went into politics

• During his travels, was captured by pirates--Story

• Became Governor of Spain, a Roman province in 61-60 BCE

• In 60 BCE, Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general

• With their help, Caesar was elected Consul in 59 BCE

 

• For the next ten years, these three men dominated Rome as a triumvirate, a group of three rulers

 

• Was known as the First Triumvirate

• After being Consul for one year, became Governor of Gaul(France and Belgium) from 58-50 BCE

• Caesar’s power and popularity concerned Crassus and Pompey back in Rome

 

First Triumvirate Falls Apart-

 

• Crassus was killed in a battle in Syria so he was out of the picture

• Pompey became jealous of Caesar’s power and popularity so the Senate order Caesar to disband military and return to Rome to face trial

• Caesar refused and instead crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BCE and attacked Pompey’s troops

• Pompey fled to Spain and then Greece where Caesar’s troops defeated him

• Pompey was able to escape and fled to Egypt where he was killed

• See next slide on Egypt

• Caesar returned to Rome with support from the people and the military and became dictator-46 BC

• In 44 BC, Caesar was named dictator for life

 

Caesar and Cleopatra in Egypt(47 BCE)-

 

• Caesar arrived in Egypt and was not happy that they had killed Pompey

• Caesar declared martial law and took over the palace and deposed Ptolemy XIII

• Ptolemy I became the first Greek ruler of Egypt in 323 BCE

• He ordered Cleopatra VII back to the throne, aligned with her and defeated the Ptolemy XIII and the Egyptians in 47 BCE in the Battle of the Nile River

• Cleopatra VII was the last Egyptian leader before Rome took it over

• Cleopatra and Caesar would have a son together, Ptolemy Caesar (known as Caesarion)

• Cleopatra proclaimed him her heir and successor to the Roman throne

• Not something that Caesar did as he named his grandnephew his successor

 

Caesar as Dictator-

 

• Served just a year before he was assassinated

• Granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces

• Gave land to the poor

• Expanded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions

• Helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through the construction of new public buildings

• Started colonies where people without land could own property

• Increased pay for soldiers and helped veterans get land

• Abolished the tax system

• Helped rebuild Carthage as a Roman colony

• Reformed the Roman calendar(see next slide)

• So why was he killed?

 

Julian vs Gregorian Calendar-

 

• The Julian calendar was the calendar from 46 BCE to 1582 CE when the Gregorian Calendar took its place

• The Gregorian Calendar was introduced and named after Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and is still used today

• The difference in the average length of the year between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0.002%

 

Caesar’s Assassination(44 BCE)-

 

• Due to helping the middle and lower class, Caesar made enemies with the wealthy class including many in the Senate

• Many were scared that Caesar wanted to be king-KING!!

• Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus were the two that killed Caesar-Stabbed 23 times by as many as 60 conspirators

 

After Julius Caesar-

• Gaius Octavius Thurinus=Octavius=Octavian=Gaius Julius Caesar=Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus=Caesar Augustus=Augustus(“the illustrious one”)

 

 

• Called Octavius between 63-44 BCE

• Called Octavian between 44-27 BCE

• Called Augustus from 27 BCE-14 CE(AD) when he died

 

The Second Triumvirate(43 BCE-33 BCE)-

 

• Octavian(Caesar’s grandnephew/adopted son), Marc Antony(a general), and Lepidus(a politician) ruled Rome for ten years

• Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death with Octavian winning

• Eliminated enemies and anyone involved in Caesar’s assassination

• Brutus, Cassius, Pompeius(Pompey’s son)

• Triumvirate fell apart eventually due to jealousy and violence

• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire after insulting him

• Octavian went to war against Marc Antony(with Queen Cleopatra from Egypt)

• Octavian defeated Antony/Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC

 

Cleopatra-

 

• Interesting Facts:

• Was a guest in Rome(with Caesarion) for several years as Julius Caesar’s guest and won over the Roman people with her beauty and charm

• Caesarion(Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was Cleopatra and Caesar’s son and possibly his only biological son

• Ruled with Cleopatra until her death and then became sole ruler of Egypt

• Possibly would have ruled all of the Roman Republic/Empire had Caesar not been assassinated

• Went back to Egypt after Caesar’s death

• Once Octavian and Marc Antony defeated Caesar’s killers, they split the Roman Republic in two-Octavian took Rome and Antony took Egypt

• Antony quickly falls in love with Cleopatra(had three kids)-Huge problem. Why?

• 1. Anthony wass married to Octavian’s sister, Octavia. Octavian not pleased. Antony divorces Octavia. See next slide

• 2. Octavian was concerned that Antony and Cleopatra want to take over Rome

• Antony proclaimed many things in his will but one was that Caesarion was the rightful heir to Julius Caesar and not Octavian

• These issues led to war between Octavian and Antony

• Octavian decided to attack first and defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s fleet in the Battle of Actium as stated previously

• Antony and Cleopatra were able to escape but eventually committed suicide together instead of being captured

• Octavian had Caesarion strangled as well as Antony’s oldest son

•  “two Caesars are one too many”

• Octavian was now the lone ruler of Rome and it’s empire

• However, he decided to act like he wanted to allow the Republic to continue

• The Senate loved this and gave him the name “Augustus” or “Illustrious one” or “Exalted one”

• By 19 BCE, he was given supreme power to rule the Roman Empire and became the first(and probably greatest) emperor of Rome

 

Augustus and the Roman Empire(27 BC-14 AD)-

 

• Augustus would usher in the “Pax Romana”(27 BC-180 AD) which means “Roman Peace”

• This was the period of time where Rome was at its peak and the economy, the arts and agriculture flourished

 

Roman Life-

 

• Discipline, strength, and loyalty were stressed in Rome

 

• People had gravitas that had these characteristics

 

• 90% of people farmed throughout the empire

 

• The rich lived by conspicuous consumption-next slide

 

• Most people lived in poverty

• High unemployment

• Lived in cramped tenements-fires common

• Gov’t provided grain every day

• Struggled for survival

• Slavery was a significant part of Roman life and economy

• The Romans had more slaves than any previous civilization-1/3 of the population

• Most slaves were conquered peoples and included men, women, and children

• Children born to slaves also became slaves

• Slaves could be bought and sold as they were seen as property

• They could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death

• Some strong slaves became gladiators

 

Gladiator Contests-

 

• Gov’t put on to appease the poor

• Provided free of charge during holidays(150/ year by 250 AD)

• Fought in the Colosseum in Rome(pic next slide)

• Animal vs animal, man vs animal, man vs man

 

Roman Religion-

 

• Government and religion were linked

• Among the most important Roman gods and goddesses were:

• Jupiter, father of the gods

• Juno, Jupiter’s wife, who watched over women

• Minerva, goddess of wisdom and arts and crafts

• Worship of the emperor also became part of the official religion of Rome

 

Ch. (6-3) The Rise of Christianity(vocab)-

• Jesus
• Apostle
• Paul
• Constantine
• Bishop
• Peter
• Pope

New Testament

Ch.(6-3) The Rise of Christianity-

 

• Roman gods were very impersonal and practiced with very little emotion

• Rome took over the Jewish land of Israel around 63 BC which introduced Christianity to the Roman Empire

 

• Christianity broke off from Judaism and was based on the life and teachings of Jesus as well as his death and resurrection

 

• As Jesus traveled around preaching, many people starting following him

 

Why Was Christianity Attractive to People?

 

• Embraced all people—men and women, enslaved persons, the poor, and nobles

 

 

 

• Gave hope to the powerless

 

 

 

• Appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome

 

 

 

• Offered a personal relationship with a loving God

 

 

 

• Promised eternal life after death

 

Middle Ages-Medieval Times-Dark Ages:

 

• What is the difference?

 

-The Middle Ages lasted roughly 500 AD-1500 AD

-The term medieval simply means “of or relating to the Middle Ages”

-The Dark Ages was the period in Western Europe between 500 (the fall of Rome) and 1000 AD

The Dark Ages-

 

• Why is the time period known as the Dark Ages?

 

-Magyars and Vikings raided western European church monasteries and destroyed many of these centers of learning

-Due to this, Europe was thrown backwards in time where science culture and learning were not focused on as much as they had been with Ancient Rome and Greece

The invasions and fall of the Roman Empire caused the following problems in Europe:

 

• The Disruption of Trade

• Downfall of Cities

• Population Shifts

• Decline of Learning

• Loss of a Common Language

• Decline of Infrastructure

 

Disruption of Trade-

 

• Centralized Roman authority broke down and with it went the protection of trade

• Without Roman power and protection, roads and trade routes were no longer safe

• Without trade and commerce, the economy tanked

• Money became scarce

 

Downfall of Cities-

 

• With the disruption of trade, cities were no longer the vital economic centers

• With the breakdown of central Roman authority, cities were no longer needed as centers of government

• People moved to the countryside

• London, Paris, Rome, Florence, Milan among others were still arond