Artwork and Architecture of the Muslim Empire:
BUI Words:
-calligraphy-a type of visual art related to writing
-Arabesque- and ornamental design of intertwined flowing lines found in decorations
Artwork:
-the Muslims used artwork to reflect their cultural values
-Allah is the center of the Muslims so they also did a lot of their artwork based on the idea of him
-They repeated a lot of things in art (geometric designs which is called arabesque
Art in Religion:
-the Muslim people did art in floral and shaped designs because they thought basing artwork off of people was a sin and was forbidden in the Qur'an
Architecture:
-The first buildings that were built in the Islamic Empire were designed by Greek architects
-Because the Greeks were building Islamic mosquess, and not Christian churches, they were able to experiment with different designs
-Through this they created a new Islamic style
-In the late 700's A.D the new Arab rulers marked their territory by building great mosques such as the Kairouan
Kairouan-mosque which would be like or churches
Math used-Geometry:
-they used shapes to build architecture (buildings)
-Spherical Trigonometry was also used to created right triangles
-They used the binomial theorem to help them build pyramids
Famous Buildings:
-The Sacred Mosque is located in the city of Mecca. It's a place where Muslims went to worship
-It was also called Al-Masjid al-Haram a Wuadrangle surrounded by stone walls
Dome of rock:
-Muslim temple of Jerusalem
-The Doe of the Rock is in the centre of a greater Muslim shrine, known as the Haram ash Sharif (Noble Sanctuary)
Muslim Calligraphy:
-Cursive styles were easier to write and read and soon replaced the earlier geometric style
-Based on Arabic Scripe
-Calligraphy is the most respected form of Islamic Art
-The Arabic Script was the means of transmission to the Qur'an
Muslim Empire: Math and Science
Al-Khwarizmi:
-He was born before 780 in Baghdad, Iraq, and died before 850. He was a mathematician and astronomer who invented tthe Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra. He lived in Baghdad under the caliphate of al-muham
Ibn Al-Haytham:
-first scientist and the father of optics
_born in Basra, Iraq in 965
-made great contributions to science
-named the physicist in medieval Europe
-Most famous work was Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics)
-book of optics was a seven volume book on the experiments that Ibn performed on the theories of optics
Astronomy:
-They found a huge amount of stars
-Alderbaran
-altair
-Muslims pray before daybreak and before dawn predict planetary positions and eclipses
al-jabr:
-it means algebra. it refers to the process of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation. if you looked at al-jabrs book it would look nothing like the algebra we do today. it is written in prose. none of the symbols we use today are in the book.
Optics:
-Kitb al-Manazir- the book of optics
-written by a man known as Alhazen
-Invention of the caer
-ALhazen created system of adding the first natural 100 numbers
-he introduced motion and transformation into geometry
-his work greatly influence many
Trade Muslim Empire:
Routes on Land:
Trade Partners:
-India (Tigers,Ebony,Coconuts)
-China(Silk,porcelain,paper)
-Arabia(Horses, Ostriches)
-Northwest Africa
-Egypt
-Black Sea
-Southwest Persia
Reasons for trading:
-Some of the money from trade went into building irrigation systems and new canals that helped farmers get more out of their land
-The money also helped farmers if they had a bad year
Bank System:
-the start of the banking system was when Muhammad acted as an agent for his wife for her trading operations
-Islamic partnerships did not use interest on day to day transactions
-These partnerships performed an important economic function
-they combined the three most important things to maximize production
-They were capital, labour and entrepreneurship
Currency:
-The Dinar was and is the main form of currency
-exactly 1163 dinar currently go into an american dollar
-to be able to do anything significant as far as a purchase, you'd need probably 5,000 dinar to buy a loaf of bread in the U.S
-investing in Dinar is like buying stock thoug; it's value wavers every day
Sakks:
-Sukuk is the singular word
-they are financial certificates, kind of like bonds
-the issuer of sukuk is basically selling a share of an asset to an investor group
-the recipient of the sukuk then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined fee
-interest cannot be charged during this process
-there has been an increased use of these in recent years
Muslim Empire Religion:
Main things they do:
-muslims pray 5 times a day
-the muslims believe they know everything about religion and their religion is the ony one that is right
-believe allah will give them 72 virgins
-they cause a lot of violent problems yet believe their religion is one of peace
Beliefs:
-They believe that there is only one god
-read many books of god, especially the Qur'an
- the prophets of god, especially Muhammad
- the day of judgment
-the supremacy of god's will
Qur'an:
-verb meaning he read
-muslims believe that the Quran is different from all other books in ways that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans
-Scholars of Islam believe that its poetic form is unique and of a fashion
-they also claim it contains accurate prophecy and that no other book does
History in the 10th century:
-Mulsims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where lies its roots
-Muslims believe that this revelation to humanity was written down in the Qur'an which is the flawless word of God
History in the 11th century:
-part of the Abbasid era
-Christianity was 11% in the middle east
- many crusaders and mongols tried to spread thei religions and they destroyed trade routes in the process.
-this caused an economic collapse and a rise in banditry and piracy
Muslim history in the 12th century:
-Part of the Abbasid era
-Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the crusades, mainly with the second crusade in the holy land
Muslim religion in the 13th century:
-helpedcreate cross-cultural religion (combining religions)
-Got freedom of speech (you can say anything and no one could do anything about it)
Mongol Invasion:
-Major invasions occured in the 13th century
-Main leader was Genghis Khan
-2 strageties war:
-he used conquered soldiers of peasants as the front line
-they used archery-generally on horses
-their main weapon was the long bow-made of wood and bone
-Conquered most of the asian continent
-Genhghis Kahn passed the leadership on to his sons
-Genhis Khan was not tolerant of the Islam religion
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