Muslim Empire Literature
- the book of one thousand and one nights
- west and south asian stories and folktales
- arabian nights
- tales: ancient and medieval times
- arabic, persian, egyptian, and mesopotamian folklore
- shows the growing of the urban islamic culture through variety and complexity
- begins with corruption and ends with redemption
- about a persian king and his new bride
- discovers his brothers wife is unfaithful
- also discovers his own wife's secret is even more revealed
- he executed her and thought all women were the same
- the king, Shahryar, began to marry a lot of virgins then executed them before they could become dishonest
- the last woman kipt telling him stories and wouldn't finish the stories the night of her execution, so the king postphoned her execution date so she could finish
- it lasted for 1,001 nights
- Authors
- Hanan Al-Shaykh wrote the book of one thousand and one nights
- Shahnameh Ferdowsi was a poet
- he was considered to be one of the greatest poets
- he wrote the Shahnameh, a set of epic poems, long and narrative
- the poems were written in persian
- Zakariya Al-Razi also wrote Kitab al-mansuri fi al-tibb (the book of medicine for mansur)
- he was also a philosopher during the 8th century
- he was one of Muhammad's companions
- Sahih Al-Bukhari wrote Hadiths
- hadiths were collections of recorded words and actions of muhammad
- included muhammad's behavior, sayings, and teachings
- Genres
- Poetry
- they rhymed most of the time
- for centuries it used traditional, rigid, and distinctive form in a highly stylized way
- novels, short stories, and dramas didn't show up in the islamic world until the modern period
- head genre was the maqamah
- the qasida was developed by pre-islamic Arabh
- Ghazel
- love lyrics from 5 to 12 verses
- Qitah
- Masnavi
- Roba'i
- Maqamah
- Poetry
- morals and messages
- believed in worshipping their one god allah
- golden rule of the Qur'an: treat others the way you want to be treated
- muslims participate in ramadan which is held the same month the Qur'an came out
- muslims are to obey allah and the prophet muhammad's words
- their morals were to do good deeds for the community, nature, and other people
- they must perform religious rituals
Muslim Empire
- Al-Khwarizmi
- he was born in Baghdad, iraq. he was a mathematician and astronomer who invented the hindu-arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra. he lived in baghdad under the caliph of Al-Ma'mum
- Ibn Al-Haytham-father of optics
- born in basra iraq 965
- made great contributions to science
- named the physicist in medieval europe
- most famous work was Kitab al-Manazir (book of optics)
- seven volume book on the experiments that Ibn performed on the theories of optics
- Astronomy
- named a large amount of stars
- aldebaran
- altair
- muslims pray before daybreak and before dawn-predict planetary positions and eclipses
- named a large amount of stars
- Al-jabr
- means algebra. it regers to the process of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation. if you looked at al-jabr's book it would look nothing lik the algebra we do today.
- optics
- invention of the camera
- alhazen created system for adding the first natural 100 numbers
- he introduced motion and transformed into geometry
- his work greatly influenced many persian geometers later on
Trade Muslim Empire
- routes on land
- trade partners
- india
- china
- arabia
- northwest africa
- egypt
- black sea
- southwest persia
- trade partners
- routes in the water
- reasons for trading
- some of the money from trade went into building irrigation systems and new canals that helped farmers get more out of their land
- the money also helped if they had a bad year
- bank system
- start of banking system was when muhammad acted as an agent for his wife for her trading operations
- islamic partnerships did not use interest on day to day transactions
- these partnerships perfomred an important economic function
- they combined the three most important things to mazimize production:
- capital, labor, and entrepreneurship
- currency
- the Dinar was and is the main currency
- exactly 1163 dinar currently go into the dollar
- to be able to do anything significant as far as purchase, you'd need 5000 dinar to buy a loaf of bread in the US
- investing in dinar is like buying stock though, its value wavers every day
- Sakks
- sukuk is the singular word
- they are financial certificates, kind of like bonds
- the issuer of a sukuk is like selling a share of an asset to an investor group
- the recipient then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined fee
- interest cannot be charged
Muslim Empire Religion
- What they do
- pray five times a day
- believe their religion is the right one
- their religion is one of peace
- Beliefs
- there is only one god
- the Qur'an
- Muhammad
- Day of judgement
- the supremacy of god's will
- Qur'an
- verb meaning "he read"
- believe its different from all other books in ways that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans
- scholars of islam believe that its poetic form is unique
- 10th century
- the religion greatly impacted the political, economic and military history of the Old World, especially the middle east, where its roots are
- believe that this revelation to humanity was written down in the qur'an, which is the flawless word of god
- 11th century
- part of the Abbasid era
- Christianity was 11% of the middle east
- many crusaders and mongols tried to spread their religions and they destroyed trade routes in the process. this caused an economic collapse and a rise in banditry and piracy
- 12th century
- Christianity was marked by a continuation of the crusades, namely with the second crusade in the holy land
- 13th century
- create cross cultural religion
- freedom of speech, freedom of religion
Mongol invasion
- major invasions occurred around the 13th century
- main leader was Genghis Khan
- 2 strategies:
- he used conquered soldiers or peasants as the front line
- used archery-generally on horseback
- favorite weapon was long bow made of wood and bone
- he used conquered soldiers or peasants as the front line
- conquered most of the Asian continent
- Genghis Khan passed the leadership on to his sons
- Genghis Khan was not tolerant of the Islam religion
- 2 strategies:
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