Monday - Took notes
- When the people left Ellis Island they went to the Money Exchange where they would exchange their money for American dollars
Why were immigrants disliked?
- Stealing jobs
- They were different
- Made cities crowded
- Kept wages low
- Racism
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- Banned all Chinese immigration to the US
Gentleman's Agreement (1907)
- Informal agreement between the US and Japan
- US would not restrict Japanese immigration, but Japan also wouldn't send any immigrants over
- The goal was to reduce tensions between the US and Japan
- The tension was because they were getting close to us in the Pacific Ocean and we didn't like it
Chapter 7.2 Key Questions:
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
- Immigrants
- Farmers moved to the cities
- African-Americans moved to the cities
- Cities had more jobs and opportunities
- Cities offered more entertainment
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
- Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenements
- Lack of good transportation
- Lack of safe drinking water
- Disease was common
- Streets were filthy
- Crime was rampant
- Fires
- Poverty due to low pay at work
Tuesday -
- Steel frames were being used for buildings and houses because fires were common
- Houses were usually put on the outside of the city because they didn't want fires to spread as easily
Lack Of Good Transportation:
Solution:
- Electric Streetcars (late 1800's, early 1900's)
- Automobiles (there were 300 cars in the US in 1985, 78,000 in 1905)
- Subways
- Airplanes
Lack of Safe Drinking Water:
Solution:
- In the late 1800's, scientists had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water
- In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate disease
- Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 1914 which continued to strengthen over the decades
Disease Everywhere Streets Dirty
Solution:
- Horses were replaced, eliminating manure
- Added chlorine to water
- Introduction of indoor plumbing
- George A. Waring Jr. - New York City - 1985
- Organized modern recycling, street sweeping, and garbage collection
Wednesday - Notes
Crime:
Solution -
- Organized police force
- Police became full time employees of the city, not volunteers
- In 1838 - Boston established the first American police force
- In 1911 - Fingerprints are first accepted by US courts as a reliable means of identification
Fires:
Solution -
- Already mentioned better building codes
- Full time, paid firefighters
- In 1853 - Cincinnati became the first full-time, paid fire fighters in the US
Chapter 7.3 Key Questions -
What are the political machine and what did they do for a city?
- A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes and had administrative control of a city, county, or a state- These organizations provided social services and jobs to people (recent immigrants) in exchange for votes
- Very corrupt
- Came about due to the rapid increase of population in cities and poor government in the 1800's
- Died out in the early 1900's
Explain Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
- Boss William Marcy Tweed was the boss of the Democratic political machine in New York City
What caused all the corruption in government?
- Kickback system
- Granting favors to big businesses
Causes for Corruption:
- The spoils system/patronage caused a lot of the problems
- Dishonest people
- Lack of accountability
What laws came about to reform government?
Pendleton Civil Service Act - 1883
- Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores
Thursday - Notes
Reform President:
-Rutherford B. Hayes
- James Garfield
- Chester Arthur
- Grover Cleveland
- Benjamin Harrison
- Teddy Roosevelt
- Woodrow Wilson
Status Quo Presidents
- Ulysses S. Grant
- William McKinley
- William Howard Taft
Friday -
Advances and Technologies:
- Skyscrapers
- Electric streetcars
- Subways
- Cash register
- Automatic dishwasher
- Vacuum cleaner
- Airplane
- Telephone
Expanding Public Education:
- Class reading
- Before mid 1800's, education was for the wealthy
- Most states had public schools by 1865
- But many school-aged children still received no formal education-worked in factories instead
- Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school
- Classes focused on the "3 R's" - reading, "riting", "rithmetic"
- Memorization and recitation was very common
African American and Immigrant EDU:
- African Americans were mostly excluded from public schools or had to attend segregated schools
- In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S.
- Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
- Most European immigrant families sent their children to the free public schools
- Children learned English and became "Americanized"
Religion in School:
- Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible
- Many Catholic families were concerned
- Catholic communities set up parochial schools give their children a Catholic Education
Segregation:
- Literacy test
- Poll tax
- Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)
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