11/14-11/18

[4kenzy]

Monday-

Step Four- Beyond Ellis Island 

• As they left Ellis Island they exchanged money
• Cashiers exchanged paper money

Why were immigrants disliked in the US in the lat 1800's/early 1900's? 

• Took jobs
• Kept wages low 
• Different culture
• Racism

Chinese Exclusion Act-1882 

• Banned all Chinese immigration to the US from 1882-1902
• Why ban Chinese immigrants?
• Darker skinned 

Gentleman's agreement- 1907

• Informal agreement between the United States and Japan
• The US would not restrict Japanese immigration to the U.S
• The goal was to reduce tensions between the US and Japan 
• What was the tension? 
• In 1907 Japan was become the world power
• San-Francisco started segregating Japanese kids 

Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800;s and early 1900's?

What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?

Why did Cities grow so fast?

• Immigrants
• Farmers moved to the city 
• African-Americans moved to the cities
• Cities offered more job opportunities 
• Cities offered more entertainment 

Problems in the city

• Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenements
• Lack of good transportation 
• Lack of safe drinking water 
• Disease was common 
• Streets were filthy
• Crime
• Fires
• Poverty 

Jacob Riis, "How the Other Half Lives",  Muckraker

Problem: Cramped, old, Dirty 

Solutions: 

• Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame structures in the center of the city why?
  
  • Cities encouraged the construction of lower-income dwellings on the city's outskirts- Why? 
    • The tenement house act of 1867 defined a tenement for the first time and set construction regulations 
• Tenement House Law- 1901
  • Outlawed the construction of new tenements on 25-foot lots and mandated improved sanitary conditions, fire escapes and access to light
  • Current tenements were updated and more than 200,000 new apartments were built over the next 15 years

Tuesday- 

Problem: Lack of good transportation 

• Solutions 
  • Eletric Streetcars-late 1800's, early 1900's
  • Automobiles
    • There were 300 cars in the United States in 1895, 78,000 in 1905, 459,000 and 1.7 million in 1914
• Subways-New York City- 1904
• Airplanes-1903-Wright Brothers 

Problem: Lack of safe drinking water 

• Solutions 
  • In late 1800's, scientists had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water 
  • In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate 
  • Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 1914 which continued to strengthen over the decades 

Problem: Disease was common and Streets were filthy 

• Solutions: 
  • Horses were replaced, eliminating the manure problem 
  • Added chlorine to water
  • Introduction of indoor plumbing
  • George A. Waring Jr.- New York City- 1895 
    • Organized modern recycling, street sweeping and garbage collection 

Problem: Crime 

• Solutions: 
  • Organized Police Force 
    • Police became full time employees of the city- not volunteers 
    • In 1838- Boston established the first American police force
    • New York- 1845 
    • Chicago- 1851 
    • By the 1880's all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place
• 1911- Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S. courts as a reliable means of identification 

Problem: Fires 

• Solutions: 
  • Already mentioned better building codes
  • Full time, paid firefighters 
  • In 1853, Cincinnati became the first full-time, paid fire fighters in the US 

Problem: Poverty 

Solution: 

• Labor unions 
  • Minimum wage laws
  • Shorter hours
  • Child labor laws
• What was the political machine and what they do for a city? 
• Explain Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring. 
• What caused all the corruption in government? 
• What laws came about to reform government?

Wednesday-

The Gilded Age

• 1870's-1900
• Gilded- To be covered with gold  

Political Machine 

• A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes and had administrative control of a city, county, or state 
• These organizations provide social services and jobs to people(recent immigrants) in exchange for votes
• Very corrupt 
• Came about due to the rapid increase of population in cities and poor government in the 1800's 
• Died out in early 1900's
• ensure that their candidates were elected 
• Make sure that city government worked to their advantage 
• There was a lot of corruption in gov't 
  • Kickback system
  • Granting favors to big business
  • Spoils system/patronage 
  • Political boss hired/fired police

Boss William Marcy Tweed

• Was the boss of the Democratic political machine in New York City 
• The building Tweed worked in was Tammany Hall

Looked at cartoons 

Reforming Government 

• Causes for corruption 
  • The spoils System/Patronage caused a lot of the problems 
  • Dishonest people
  • Lack of accountability
• Pendleton Civil Service Act- 1883
  • Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores
  • 1883: 14,000/117,000 gov't jobs required tests
  • 1900: 100,000

 Good Presidents Also Brought Change

• President Grant- President Wilson 
• 1869-1921 
• Reform president or status quo president? 

Reform Presidents 

• Rutherford B. Hayes 
• James Garfield 
• Chester Arthur 
• Grover Cleveland 
• Benjamin Harrison 
• Teddy Roosevelt 
• Woodrow Wilson 

Status Quo President 

• Ulysses S. Grant 
• William McKinley 
• William Howard Taft 

Thursday- 

James Garfield video 

Ch. 8.1:  

What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?

Ch. 8.2: 

How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?

Advances in technology 

• Skyscrapers 
  • Flatiron Building- 1902 
• Electric streetcars
• Subways- 1904
• Cash register- 1879
• Automatic dishwasher- 1889
• Vacuum cleaner- 1899
• Airplane- 1903
• Kodak Camera- 1888
• Automobile- late 1800's 
• Light Bulb- 1879 
• Telephone
• Typewriter 
• Radio 
• Toilet paper 

Expanding Public education 

• Class reading
• Before the mid 1800's, only wealthy families were educated 
• Most states had public schools by 1865
• But many school-aged children still received no formal education- worked in factories 
• Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks of school

Why did "lecture" become a common strategy for teachers? 

• Students couldn't read or write so they had to listen.

How is our school system set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution?

• The bells 
• Assembly line 
  • Students are tested and if they pass, move to the next part of the assembly line 
• Schools were/are "one size fits all" 

Friday- 

African American & Immigrant EDU 

• African Americans were mostly excluded form public schools or had to attend segregated schools
• In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S. 
• Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
• Most European immigrants families sent their children to the free public schools 
• Children learned English and became "Americanized

Religion in school

• Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible 
• Many Catholic families were concerned 
•  Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children a Catholic Education 
  • Parochial School- a school supported by a church parish 

Higher Education 

• What is a Higher Education? 
• From 1880-1920, college enrollments quadrupled 
• High School diploma and entrance exams were used in admittance purposes 
• Merrill Act- 1862
  • Iowa State-1858
• Drake- 1881 
• Iowa- 1847 

Segregation 

• Literacy Test 
• Poll tax
• Grandfather Clause(1-1-1867)
• Jim Crow laws
• Plessy v Ferguson- 1896 
  • "Separate but Equal" 
  • Separate and unequal in reality

Entertainment In the late 1800's and early 1900's 

• Circus
• Coney island(1903)- Amusement park
• Vaudeville Shows  
• Minstrel Shows 
• Parks- Central park in NYC- 1857