The rise of islam
Geography
- Very limited agriculture
- Very hot and dry
The people of the desert
- ON the deserts, the arab nomads, called bedouns, were organized into clans
- These clans were created because they provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert
- Bedouins ideals : courage, loyalty to the family and warrior skills
Moving
- By the time of 600 A.D., many Arabs had chosen to settle by an oasis or in a market town, the desert life was just too tough and unpredictable.
- Larger towns near the western coast of Arabia became market towns for local, regional, and long distance trade goods.
Special city
- One of these cities was Mecca
- Mecca is a holy city where muslims pray towards
- Also it is very common for muslims to go to visit mecca to pay homage
Trade life
- After these people had moved into the larger cities , the trading increased as well
- Many routs because of the bodies of water that surrounded the area
- Traded many things like spices, incense, perfume, silk
Monotheistic or Polytheisic
- The Islamic religion is definitely monotheistic
- They believe in one god called the allah
Muhammad
- The prophet Muhammad very influential figure
- He was raised by his grandfather and uncle
- He received little schooling and began working on as a trader
- At the age of 40, Muhammed became very interested in religion
General info
- Islam means “ submission on the will of Allah
- Muslim means “ one who has submitted “
Islam Grows
New leader
- After Muhammad died in 632, the muslim commity needed to make the decision on who would be there next religious leader
- They selected one of Muhannad’s good friends named Abu-Bakr to become the first Caliph meaning successor
Issues
- Not everyone was welcoming of the caliph
- Some tribes around the Arabian Peninsula abandoned Islam completely
- Others wouldn’t pay taxes
- Some individual even declared themselves to be prphets
Attempts to resolve
- Abu-Bakr declared a Jihad which has two meanings
- An inner struggle with evil
- An armed struggle against non-believer
Expansion by military
- The muslim community began to expanded under Abu-Bakr as well
- The next 3 caliphers after Abu-Bakr expanded into the Sassnid and Byzantines empires
Reason for success
- They did very well in conquests between these empires had been fighting each other for many years before this
- Well disciplined
- Great leaders
- The two empires weren’t tolerant of the religions in there conquered area so there Muslims in the empires would often help the other Muslims that invade the empires
Treatment of Conwuered people
- The qur’an does not allow for Muslims to force others to convert to this religion
- Muslims allowed the Christians and jews to practice there religion but they couldn’t spread it
- They made the Christian and jews pay tax however becaue they didn’t fight fot the islam military groups
Routes
- Under the Abbasids, they created a trading route
- They helped to spread relidion, Islamic culture and technology
- Went crossed north Africa and the middle east, in to Spain west Africa and eventually India and china
Specific
- India
- China
- Cyzatine
- Arabia
- Northwest Africa
- Egypt
- Black sea
Banking system
- Their banking system was pretty complex with checks that could be cashed in another country
- For their currency they often used fine fabrics made of cotton wool linen
Sakk
- Is a form of check that traders in the middle east used to pay for there items
- The sakk could be cashed in another country
- The sakk was there major currency
- It was made to transfer money
What they traded
- Silk, siver, gold, slaves, ink
- Marble, leopards, donkeys, sugar dates
- Molasses red copper, paper coco nuts
- Elephants, tanned hides
Mongol invasion
When
- Invaded of asia though the 13th century
- Conquered areas that included
What happened?
- Cities that resisted were subjected to destruction
- Mongols conquered west Asia either by force or voluntary submission
- Other the course of 3 years they destroyed all of the major cities in eastern Europe
Military units
- Under Genghis khan, the mongol soldiers were organized into groups based on the decimal system
- Units were built from groups of 10, 100 , 1000 , 10,000.
- Promotions were granted by ability, not birth order
- Each soldier maintained 3 or 4 horses
- Military focused on horsemanship
Weapons and strategy
- Bow and arrow ‘
- Swords
- Catapults
- Used kharash- would put local residents or surrender in the front of the army
Key players
- Genghis –Khan
- Military leaser unbeatable and matched strategies
- Kublai Khan -1215-1294
- Ruled over yan gynasty
- Grandson of Geghis Khan
- Marco polo
- Intested Kublai with stories
Major battles
- India
- Invasion Russia
- Chineses empire
- Korea
- Eastern euope
- Battle of mohi hungerly
Lasting effects in Iran
- The economy declined
- The mongols didn’t accept islam but the leader converted to islam in 1295
- The monglos killed many people and desotyed the civilization
- Took iran many centuries to recover
Muhannas ibn Musa Al-khwatizmi
- Muslium math and astronomer
- Introduced Hindu- Arabic munerals
- Conquered of algebra and algonithms
Ibn al –hajthan
- Alhazen was a muslim scientist and polymath
- Called ibn al – hujthan after his birth place
- Either Persian or abrab
- Contributed to the princiles of optics, physics, astronomy. Math . scientific method
- Very over congident
- Assumed e could regulate floods of the nile
- When he was ordered to carry out his plan he realized it was impossible and retired
- He went mad he feared for his life
- Placed under house arrest
Optics
- Studied the eye, correctly described the process of vision
- His book contains the oldest existing diagram illustration the eye and its connection to the nerouse system
- The parts of the eye that he labeled are still used today
Al-Jabr
- The compendious book on calculations by completion and balancing
- Math book written in Arabic
- Muhanned wrote it
Astronomy
- Ptolemys model of the earth-centered universe formed the basis of Islamic astronomy
- Several Islamic made observation and calculations that were better
- Another reason was to pinpoint religious festivals
- Galileo galilee was an astronomer and created the telescope
- Galileo observed a series of transis of the sun
- Galileo used al k ideas and found out the tilt of t heaths axis to the sun
Literature
Collected of the west and south Asian stories and folk tales
Collected over many centrues vy various authors translators an scholars
King shahyar
- Fictional Persian king
- King shahryar was known for executing his wives the day after their wedding so they wouldn’t get the change to be unfaithful like his first wife
- His first wife had relationships with the slaves
- Shocked by his first wife betrayed the kings wpu;d marry a virgin every night and would have executed next day
- He couldn’t find any more virgins after awhile
Stories
- Love
- Tragedies
- Comedies
- Poems
- Fairy-tales
- Murder
- Suspense
- Horror
- Crime
- Fantasy
Morals messages
- Be careful
- Powerful woman
- Power to destroy
SHahnameh
- Long epic poem written by the Persian poet,
- National epic of iran and related societies
- It is od central importance in Persian culture and is regarded as a literary master piece
Religion
When it began
- Youngest religion became a religion in 622
- Formed largely by an illiterate nomadic
10th century
- Abbasid caliphates ruled in the middle east
- Spain ruled by umayyads
- In 961 the umayyard cal[ph abd-ar-Rahman iii died in spain
11th centuty
- ,ahmud of Ghanzi died in 1030
- The first crusafe happened in 1095
- The crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099
- By the end of the 11th century spread 5 percent throughout the world
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