10.8.12

Punic Wars

series of three wars
rome vs carthage
1st war was over control of Sicily
2nd war- when Hannibal became general of carthage and he wanted to avenge his first defeat. hannival attempted a sneak attack through the alps to attack and capture rome
3rd war- Scipio attacked carthage and hannibal retreated and fought back at native city
Rome defeated carthage in all three wars. each war was harder for the romans to win
wars 1 and 2, rome was on the defensive. aggressor in the last war
key players- Hannibal (C), Scipio (R) Cincinnatus (R)

lasting effects

Roman Republic

shortly after their victories in the punic wars the quick and rapid expansion began to hurt the empire
the land was going to large estate and the small farmers were not making any money and were out of jobs
one of the reasons leading to a civil war

Julius Caesar

Avengers of Caesar

Augustus

the term given to octavian meaning "exalted one"
rome was at the peak of its power and at peace throughout Augustus's rule and even to 180 AD
Pax Romana- Roman Peace

Roman Life:

Hannibal Crossing the Alps:

one of the greatest military achievements of ancient warfare
happened during the 2nd Punic War
Hannibal crossing the alps was known to be one of the major achievements of the second Punic war
took 16 days to cross
Many of their elephants did not survive the journey

Why did he cross the alps?

he thought that it would give him a better chance against the Romans if he came down with all of his war elephants
the wars were fought over pure hatred by one side against the other

It was a terrible idea because all of his elephants got sick and died. His attack was weaker than he wanted it to be because of this.

Roman Trade:

very vital to the Roman empire
most common trade items: beef, corn, glassware, iron, lead, leather, marble, olive oil, perfumes, purple dye, silk, silver, spices, timber, tin, and wine
main trading partners: Spain, France, the Middle East, and North Africa-includes Egypt
made trade very simple by only using 1 form of currency
used the Tiber river, Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea for a trading route
manufacturing of goods increased in the empire's cities, and many opportunities for commerce existed. Rome became one of the empire's greatest commercial centers
Two-way trade routes extended to other commercial centers in lands as far away as Egypt, Germany, and china
The empire's location around the Mediterranean Sea helped make all this commercial activity possible

Yes-it matters because transportation of goods has to be easy. Waterways make it easier, mountains make it harder.

Roman Agriculture:

used crop rotation
sometimes had to import food because of mountains
after conquering Egypt, able to import lots of wheat
most of the crops raised on large estates called latifundias
Cicero considered farming the best of all Roman occupations
the main crop was wheat, and bread was present during almost every meal
majority of work done on the farm was by slaves and servants
Farms created main source of income for Romans
Certain types of food were given out to the public for free (corn, wheat)
since Roman Empire stretched through a lot of land, there were different climates to allow a mixture of crops produced
Romans had 4 systems of farm management-work done by owner and family, tenant farming and share cropping forced labor (slaves), and other arrangements in which farm owner lent farm out

pros of a large farm-more crops, more land, more income

cons-needing more workers, more expensive

pros of small farm-less expensive

Slavery General info

Ancient Rome depended on slaves
Most slaves were foreigners and unlike most places it did not depend on race
Not uncommon for desperate Romans to sell their children into slavery
When freed, they could work the same jobs as the Plebeians
Debt slavery was common, where a person could work off a debt by becoming a slave for a certain period of time, depending on the debt
Some slaves were forced to become gladiators
Saturnalia- a Christmas for the slaves in which the slaves and masters switched places
- during this celebration the master performed all the tasks a slave would
- it was a way for masters to show appreciation for their slaves

Slavery:

manual labor
domestic services
could be highly educated and skilled, worked as teachers and physicians
slaves task include working on farms-produced the food and materials the cities depend on
businesses - managed shops for store owners, in charge of shop keeping, lending of money and selling of merchandise
Public buildings- worked on aqueduct systems, built roads and bridges and arenas

I would rather be a slave than a farmer so I could work off my debt instead of being stuck with it.

Gladiators:

the gladiator games were games fought between an armed man and a criminal, wild animal, or another soldier
They were fought in the coliseum in front of large audiences
Many of the people who fought the criminals, and wild animals risked their social standing and their lives for the glory
They had costumes and scenery which had to be put up as well

Gladiator Games:

thumbs up means save the gladiator that's down and thumbs down means let him die
order of Events at the Gladiator games
Animal hunts - they had a scene and the emperor would use a bow from his box seat and shoot them
The Bestiarii- these were gladiators trained to fight tigers and lions
criminals were sentenced to fight wild beasts at the games but without any skills, weapons or armor

I would rather be eaten alive because at least then I'd have a fighting chance to live.

Emperors:

Tiberius- adopted son of Augustus - 22 years and 6 months - possibly assassinated by Caligula. He was a cruel tyrant who put men to death upon mere suspicion
Caligula - great nephew of Tiberius - 3 years and 10 months - assassinated in conspiracy involving senators and Praetorian guards
- He was insane and once threatened to have his horse made consul, and at another time raised a great army, and marched it hundreds of miles, and then commanded the soldiers to gather the shells on the beach and carry them back to Rome
Claudius I - nephew of Tiberius and uncle of Caligula - 13 years and 9 months - probably poisoned by his wife
- was a weak and foolish emperor who allowed the cruelest acts to be committed in his name, and then forgot them, and invited the people to dinner whom he had just had put to death
Nero - 13 years and 8 months - stepson and adopted son of Claudius
- was a monster of vanity and cruelty; was suspected of setting fire to the city and allowing more than two-thirds of it to burn up,in order that he might rebuild it finer than it had been before

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