- Roman Geo:
Rome was built on 7 rolling hill around the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian penisiula - First Romans:
1,000 to 500 B.C., 3 groups inhabited the region and fought for control of it.
They were the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans. - Greek influence:
between 750B.C. and 600 B.C. the Greeks established coloines along the southern part of Italy and Sicily.
The Cities became very prosperous and commercially active. - Estrucans:
native to northern Italy
were skilled metal workers and engineers
very influential in the development of Roman civilization
Romans adopted their alphabet
Also adopted the arc - Republic- form of government in which the power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.
In Rome, citizenship with voting right was granted only to free born adult male landowners. - Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power. Inherited power.
- Plebeians- The common person, but could still vote Usually farmers and merchants.
- Tribunes- In Time, leaders of Rome, allowed the Plebians to form their own assembly and elect their own representative to protected their rights from the Patrician officials
Government barred the Plebeians from holding high offices in the government - Executive Branch:
2 consuls vs one president
1 year term vs 4 year term - Legislative
Senate:
High socail and economic status
Serve for life
Advises consuls
Centuriate Assembly:
Soldiers only
Chose consuls
Served for life
Tribal assembly:
Ordinary citizens
Serve for life
Makes laws - Judicial:
8 judges
1 year by the Centuriate Assembly
2 oversee civil and criminal courts - Twelve Tables- List of rules that was the Supreme law of the land in Rome (their constitution)
- Army:
Like their government, Romans also took great pride in their military as well
All men who owned land were required to serve in the army
Some of the high public office positions required 10 years of military service - Legions- Roman soldiers were organized into large military units
Legions were made up of 5,000 foot soldiers
Group of cavalry would support each legion
Military organization and fighting skill of the Roman army were key factors in Rome's rise to greatness - Expansion:
By 4th century B.C., the Romans dominated central Italy
They had defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greek city states to the south - Treatment:
Latins on the Tiber became full citizens
In territory farther from Rome, the conquered people were citizens as well but did not have voting power
The remaining people became "allies" of Rome - Research:
Punic Wars and Hannibal
Discuss who fought in the War, Key Players, Who won, and lasting effects of the Wars: how it affected Romans and Carthage
Who won: Nobody won the first Punic war but the Romans won the second and third Punic War.
Key Players: Hannibal- leader of Carthage. Scipio Africanus the Younger- Lead Rome in its final battle against Carthage. Scipio Africanus the Elder was their leader for the 1st and 2nd Punic Wars
The Punic Wars:- It was fought between the Ancient Carthage and Roman Republic.
- increases in salvary
- extensive reforms to its military and political systems
- eased from being isolationist and shifted to expansionist
- Punic Wars:
Series of 3 wars
Rome vs Carthage
1st war was over control of Sicily
2nd war- when Hannibal became general of Carthage and he wanted to avenge 1st defeat. Hannibal attempted a sneak attack through the Alps to attack and capture Rome
3rd war- Scipio attacked Carthage and Hannibal retreated and fought back at Native city
Rome defeated Carthage in all 3 wars.
Each war was harder for Rome to win.
War 1-2 Rome was on the defensive but aggressor in the last war
Key Players- Hannibal (C) Scipio (R) Cincinnatus (R) - Lasting effects:
Showed the civilizations in the Mediterranean that Rome was a dominate force
By 70 BC Rome had conquered a lot of land around the Mediterranean coast - Roman Republic:
Shortly after their victories in the Punic Wars, the quick and rapid expansion began to hurt the empire
The land was going to large estate and the small farmers were not making any money and were out of jobs
Lead to a civil war
Another civil war broke out cuz of Caesar's death - Avengers of Caesar:
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus avenged Caesar and became the 2nd triumvirate.
Octavian forced Lepidus to retire his power
Antony followed Cleoparta to Egypt becuase he fell in love with her
Leaving Octavian to be the sole leader - Augustus- Term given to Octavian meaning exalted one.
Rome was the peak of its power and at peace throughout Augustus's rule and even to 180AD - Pax Romana- Roman Peace
- Research:
Agricultural:
Agricultural of the Roman Empire.
Romans used an ard, a simple soil breaker to plough the fields. Since the soil was heavy and contained roots, oxen were used to draw the ploughs.
Hoeing and weeding were done in pretty much the same way in non-mechanised rural communities today. But the romans had a different way of cropping to reduce the growth of weeds.
-Irrigation- Irrigation- The Roman’s built dams and reservoirs for irrigation. Their reservoirs were lined with waterproof cement. Some had an area of almost 2000 square meters.
- Irrigation was necessary in light of the increasing size and hence population of the empire.
- It help maintain the output of food grains.
The Social elite farmed. The staple crop was wheat and bread. The more land a common person owned the more important he was to he would be to a city. Soldiers were often rewarded with land from their commanders. Farms were depended on slave labor.
Employed a geometric system to lay out croplands and also employed crop rotation
Known to try and maximize their land which led to depletion
Imported most of their crop from subject countries to keep the empire feed
During Roman time most of the crops were raised on large estates
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