- nicknamed the "war to end all wars" The Great War 1914-1918
Causes of WWI- some of the problems in Europe were imperialism nationalism alliances and militarisms. many countries fighting over land disputes competition for money land and resources
Archduke Ferdinand- he was assassinated. he was the prince of Austria when he was 11 his cousin duke francis of Modena died and left him heir. Conspiracy: bomb thrown deflected by ferdiand. killed by a 19 year old it triggered ww1
Leaders of major countries involved/alliances-the major countries involved were france Britain Russia Italy US. our enemies were Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey and Bulgaria. Woodrow Wilson helped lead the allies to victory. Russia's leader was Tsar Nicholas he took control of Russian armies and he wasn't very well liked by Russians. Great Britains leader was Lloyd George and he helped create Treaty of Versailles. Italy's was Emilio Orlando part of the big four
Trenches-Miserable. Could not advance. Ditches. Trench foot. Misery in the mud. Stretched hundreds of miles. Shell shock which is when they go crazy from all the bullets. Gas attacks in trenches because they were trapped. No mans land places in between trenches.
Main weapons used and new weapons invented- Rifles-they were high powered rifles...used in trenches. handguns-got jammed a lot. Machine guns-American machine guns got jammed a lot they were used in planes and trenches. Shotguns- only the US Britain and Russia used shotguns used in close range warfare. Grenades- Russians and Germans had similar grenades were mostly egg shaped and you pull a pin and throw it. Anti tanks-higher caliber rifles and they pierced the armor in tanks. Mortars-were explosive used for digging out trenches. Submachine Guns- smaller handheld rapid fire guns. Support-similar to mortars. Knives-trench knives. Flamethrowers- brutal. Trench raiding- sharp stuff that they used when they invaded trenches. Gas- they used tear and mustard gas and it suffocates and burns people tear gas made people tear up.
Transportation methods (importance of planes, trains, vehicles…)-the planes in ww1 were just 10 years after the wright planes and the planes and pilots only got about 93 hours of flight time due to crashes and they pilots didn't have much training Manfred Von Richthofen- he was the Michael Jordan of shooting down planes he was from Germany. The German U-boat was a submarine seaplane tenders were boats that landed on water and were hoisted onto the boat. tanks orginal designs failed the first tanks only had a top speed of 4 mph. Russian Tzar was a tank it went over trenches. The US had a tank that threw flames. The UK had an armoured car
How US got involved-NYE committee- big businesses pushed us into the war to make money
Battles-battle of somme-it was with the first of july and November 18 it was between Britain and french empires against the German empire this battle was one of the biggest in ww1 around one million were wounded or killed it was a very gruesome battle no one really won...Battle of Verdun-it was in 1916 and was one of the longest battles in ww1 this battle was started around frbruart 1916 and it ended on the 16th of December it was between the French and gerans the germans were trying to gain paris and the French would not let it happen it was supposed to make general philippe pertain a hero in France 250,000 died and 500,000were wounded in the German offensive was stopped so it was for France...Battle of Gaza- it was on march 26 1917 the first attempt by Egyptian expedilioart gorce to invade ottoman empire it was the territory of Palestine all the fighting happened around the town of Gaza by the Mediterranean coast between british empire and ottoman empire 523 killed 2932 wounded 512 missing....more battles.... Battle of Belleau Wood- fought between US and Germany it was in june 1-26 in 1918 there were 9,777 casualties....Argonne Forest- September 26 1918 until the armistice fought between Us france and Germany 117,000 casualties... Chateau Theory-july 18 1918 fought between France Belgium and Germany the attack took Germany by surprise
Homefront-when the war started Woodrow Wilson declared neutrality but I didn't last long. liberty loans which were created by secretary of the treasury and it helped pay for the war and it was advertised if you don't fight buy to pay for the wars they were known as loans and we gave them to the government and they paid you back. When we decided to go to war the preparedness movement happened and it was helping the military ready and they built up the navy. We grew victory gardens and it reduced pressure on public food supply. because we were low on resources so there were special days of the week where they couldn't use any of that certain resource. war increased employment and wages, prices went up, brought great profit to industry, after the war it was clear the united states was the greatest power in the world, united states became the worlds leader after the war. Women- woman had to take over and they had to work more and do mens jobs they also had to volunteer and they started the American red cross to help the troops. Children-raised by single mothers and they also had to help more at home so some had lack of parental support many boys joined boy scouts and the boy scouts sold war bonds. African- Americans- few in the war, they got more jobs, and they helped contribute. War industries board- encourages mass production regulated industry in U.S. under the war industries board industrial production in the us increased 20 percent it was headed by Bernard Baruch.
October Revolution-The Russian revolution-Russia had lost over 9 million and they wanted to be out of the war and on march 3 1918 they signed the treaty of litbosk to get out of the war but they lost Poland finland Ukraine and other countries and they also had to pay Germany 6 million german marks. Tsar Nicholas was taken out of power near the end of the war in early 1917 and that's what mainly started the October revolution and then Tsar Nicholas and his family were killed. Lenin was the guy who took over after Tsar as the ruler of the communist party in Russia he didn't rule for long cause he had a stroke and was paralyzed. Josef Stalon was one of the worst dictators in the world he killed or people died under his policies and it was roughly 40 million people.
Wilson’s 14 Points-1. Wilson said no more secret agreements opened covenants of peace openly arrived at so that there would be reliance on open diplomacy instead of secret agreements 2. Wilson made it so they could have free navigation of all seas the seas would be free 3. an end to all economic barriers between countries so there would be free trade 4. countries would reduce weapon numbers 5. all decisions regarding the colonies should be impartially 6. the German army is removed from Russia 7. Belgium should be independent before the war 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine it was for restoration of French territory 9. a readjustment of the frontiers of Italy so that Italy would receive territory based on ethnicity 10. self determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria Hungary it was so that they could fairly develop as a country. 11. self determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states Serbia given access to Adriatic sea this was so the balkon states would have their independence 12 the Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government non Turks in the old Turkish empire should govern themselves self determination for people of the ottoman empires and free passage through Dardanelles 13. an independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea so that Poland could have their independence. 14. a league of nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all countries
Armistice-an armistice is an agreement to stop fighting its not really a treaty because a treaty is to stop war armistice is to stop fighting the allies started a final push at Germany central powers start to give up turkey and Austria signed armistices. Germany gives up November 11th 1918 ended fighting in WW1 Armistice day is now vetrans day
Outcome of world war one- allied forces won, Germany was forced to surrender due to successful blockade and the league of nations was formed, 15 million killed; 20 million wounded at the end of the war, total U.S. 117,465. defeat of German empire, Austria Hungarian empire ottoman empire, Russian empire. 7 new countries after the war in Europe. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland.
- Treaty of Versailles-it happened June 28 1919 at Versailles palace, it took 6 months of negotiation B.R.A.T. Germany had to take the blame, Germany had to pay all the reparation s of the damage of the war it was 33 billion dollars, Germany had to be under 100,000 men and there 100,000 men and their navy was reduced greatly and they had no air force, no u boat, no tanks etc, Germany lost territory and all colonies were given to Britain and france.
- 100 days offensive- from august to November in 1918 major offensive push by the US towards Germany which ultimately ended the war
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