Week of May 15-19

Monday-

Countries Over the Centuries Presentations

Germany

15th Century
- Martin Luther
  - 1400-1500s
  - Very smart: reading, writing, Latin, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and philosophy
  - His dad wanted him to be a lawyer
  - He was caught in a violent thunderstorm and prayed to Jesus
  - Became a monk
  - 95 Theses
    - "Bible is central religious authority"
    - "Humans may reach salvation only by faith and no their deeds"
  - Started the Protestant Reformation
  - Changed the course of religious history
  - Pope condemned Luther's writings
  - Pope Leo excommunicated him from the Catholic Church
16th Century
- Peace of Augsburg
  - 1555
  - Treaty between Charles V (Emperor) and Schmalkaldic League
  - Ended the religious struggle
  - Made the legal division of Christendom
  - Allowed rulers to choose Lutheran or Catholic
17th Century
- 30 Years War
  - 1618-1648
  - Sweden, France, Spain, and Austria
  - Ferdinand II attempted to take away religious activities
  - Created rebellion from the Protestants
  - Ended with a bunch of treaties that make up the Peace of Westphalia
18th Century
- Frederick the Great
  - 1712-1786
  - Also called Frederick II
  - When he was old enough, his dad forced him into the army
  - Prussia's king from 1740-1786
  - Inherited the throne from his dad
  - Established a strong military power
  - Gained control of Silesia, which started the 7 Years War
  - Went back and forth between loss and gain of land
  - Did not gain land but the ending treaty allowed him to do so
- Ludwig van Beethoven
  - 1700s-1800s
  - German composer
  - Musical figure
  - Was deaf
  - Music ran in his family, his father and grandfather were composers and musicians
- 7 Years War
  - 1756-1763
  - French Revolution
19th Century
- Treaty of Berlin
  - July 13, 1878
  - Signed by
    - United Kingdom
    - Austria-Hungary
    - French Third Republic
    - German Empire
    - Kingdom of Italy
    - Russian Empire
    - Ottoman Empire
  - Granted independence to the former Ottoman territories:
    - Romania
    - Serbia
    - Montenegro
20th Century
- Adolf Hitler
  - Alois and Klara Hitler
  - 5 siblings
  - 1 sibling survived into adulthood
  - Dad was abusive and angry
  - Father passed away and mother died of breast cancer before he was 20
  - Tried to get into Vienna Academy of Fine Arts
  - During his homeless times, he became infatuated with politics
  - He volunteered for WWI
  - When the war ended, Hitler grew a hatred for the Jews
  - Unsatisfied with results from WWI
  - Sent his troops into Poland
  - Pearl Harbor sent United States into war
  - Concentration camps- Holocaust
  - To avoid arrest and blame of the war, he committed suicide
- Splitting
  - Germany was broken into Soviet, American, British, and French zones
  - City of Berlin was split
- Berlin Wall
  - US helped with the Berlin Airlift (bring food and fuel to Berlin)
  - It was unclear who would control Germany
  - Berlin Airlift started the Cold War
  - Ended in 1949 but started back up in 1958
  - Separated into East and West Germany
  - There were checkpoints in the wall to cross the border
  - The wall was 12 feet tall and 4 feet wide
  - On November 9, 1989, during the Cold War, the head of the East Communist Party announced that German citizens could cross the border whenever
- Reunification
  - End of the Cold War
  - Within a year after the wall came down, East and West officials began to think about possible reunification
- Treaty of Versailles
  - Signed on June 28, 1919
  - Signed in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France
  - Effective January 10, 1920
  - Ratified by Germany and four principal allied powers
  - Ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers
  - Most important Treaty that brought WWI to an end
  - Main powers: United States, France, Japan, Italy, British Empire
  - Central Powers: Germany
- World War I
  - 1914-1918
  - Formed new countries in Europe and the Middle East
  - Establish the League of Nations
  - Trench Warfare began in 1916

Tuesday-

Countries Over the Centuries Presentations

Germany (continued)

- German Revolution
  - 1918-1919
  - War was finally coming to an end
  - "Ripe for a revolution"
  - Ended the first World War
  - Established the Weimar Republic
- World War II
  - 1939-1945
  - Ended in an Allied Victory
  - Resulted in the collapse of Nazi Germany
  - Beginning of the Cold War
  - Creation of the United Nations
  - Deaths
    - Axis: 12,000,000
    - Allied: 61,000,000
- Treaty of Rapallo
  - April 16, 1922
  - Germany and Soviet Union
  - Re-established normal relations between the nations
  - Angered Western allies
21st Century
- Migrants from Middle East
  - More than 1 million migrants and refugees cross into Europe in 2015
  - Majority crossed by sea, others by land
  - Conflict in Syria (Civil War) is the biggest reason that migrants are coming over
- ISIS
  - Truck assault in Berlin, Germany, believed to be people from ISIS
  - 12 people died, 48 were injured
  - Crashed into a Christmas market

Wednesday-

Countries Over the Centuries Presentations

Russia

Ivan
- Commonly known as Ivan the Terrible
- Childhood was terrible because of all the corrupted nobility coming into Russia
- Ivan's experience of the Boyars shaped his subsequent determination to clip the wings of Russia's nobility by creating a strong centralized state
- Crowned at 16
- Later in, towards the end of his rule, he sent a list of 3,000 people he executed to the monastery of monks
Livonian War
- 1558-1583
- Ivan invades the region of the Levonia Baltic Coast
- Causes the 25 year Livonian War
- Victory goes to Russia
- It was Poland and Sweden against Russia
- In a family quarrel, he strikes and mortally wounds his heir
Peter the Great
- 1600s
  - He was irked like his predecessors by Russia's lack of a port on any sea (expect for the White Sea)
  - He selects the fortified town of Azov as a suitable target in order to access the Black Sea
  - 1695- he leads a large Russian army to the South
  - For two months they besiege Azov without success
  - By the end of November, the young tsar is back in Moscow
- 1700s
  - 1703- Peter the Great has gratifying evidence of his achievements on behalf of Russia
  - A great project is taking shape at the mouth of the river Neva, on marshy wooded land which comes into Peter's possession in 1703
  - Within two weeks of gaining the area, he start to build the Peter and Paul fortress on the right bank of the river and the following year a royal shipyard is founded across the water
  - The first warship is launched from the yard in 1706
  - A town grows rapidly on the site
  - In 1712, it becomes the capital, named St. Petersburg after the tsar's patron saint
  - Intervenes in the Northern War early in 1700, seizing the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland
  - This territory has belonged since 1617 to Sweden, cutting Russia off from the Baltic
  - The campaign of 1700 ends ignominiously when the young Swedish king, Charles XII, defeats the Russians at Narva and regains the coastline, but Charles then turns south against other enemies
Catherine the Great
- Seized the throne in 1762
- Successful in areas such as education and culture
- In 1764, she took steps to provide education for Russian girls
1800s
- Alexander the I of Russia came to the throne as the result of his father's murder
- Alexander I reorganized the central government, replacing the colleges that Peter the Great had set up with ministries, but without coordinating a Prime Minister
Czar Nicholas
- Took charge of the Russian army
- Led a charge in WWI
- Born on May 6, 1868
- His father died in 1894

Thursday- Review for Semester Test

Friday- Semester Tests

Blogs

Week of May 15-19

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