Week of December 1-5

  • Germany
    • Big guns that shoot long distances
    • Planes - Used for bombing, mail, spying, dog-fighting
    • Tanks - Used more towards the end of the war, larger, bigger, weren't used much because of trench warfare
    • Gases - Tear gas, mustard gas, suffocating gases, sternutator
  • America
    • Grenades - Pineapple grenades
    • Rifles
    • Shotguns
    • Pistols - Close range shots, easier to reload
    • Planes - Used for bombing, mail, spying, dog-fighting
    • Tanks - smaller, thinner, used towards the end of the war, main form of artillery, weren't used much because of trench warfare
  • Medical advancements
    • Medics were used often
      • Used plants, herbs and pharmaceutics to help wounded soldiers
    • Portable x-ray machine
    • Blood packs were given to the soldiers for there loss of blood
  • Blimps
  • Flamethrowers
  • Submarines
  • Battle ships

End of WWI

  • Armistice means a cessation of hostilities as a prelude to peace negotiation
    • Both sides agreed to stop fighting
    • November 11, 1918
  • Signing of the Armistice
    • Signed at 5 a.m. on the morning of November 11, 1918 and came into effect at 11 a.m.
  • Conditions for Germany
    • Effective 6 hours after signing
    • Immediate clearing of Belgium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, to be concluded within 14 days. Any troops remaining in these areas to be interned or taken as prisoners of war.
    • Surrender 5,000 cannons, 30,000 machine guns, 3,000 trench mortars and 2,000 places
    • Evacuation of any place they were at
    • Nothing to be removed from the territory - leave everything intact
    • Surrender 5,000 locomotives, 150,000 railway coaches, 10,000 trucks
    • Maintenance of enemy occupation troops through Germany - French, US and British troops could go in and occupy Germany
  • Causes for Germany to surrender
    • Other forces were pushing the Germans back closer to Germany
    • 14 points

Wilson's 14 points 

  • Gave a speech to congress
  • Moral cause of the postwar peace in Europe
  • Became the basis for a peace program
  • 14 points
    1. No secret agreements
    2. Free navigation in all seas - go around the world without fear of being sunk
    3. An end to economic barriers between countries - trade with all countries of the war
    4. Reducing of the numbers of weapons - get rid of militarism
    5. Decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial - independence for colonies
    6. The German army should leave Russia
    7. Belgium should be independent again
    8. France should recover Alsace Lorraine
    9. All Italians are allowed to live in Italy
    10. Turkish people should be governed by a Turkish government
    11. Independence should be allowed to Balkans
    12. Self determination should be allowed to Austria Hungary - let them decide their own future
    13. Poland should be independent and have access to the sea
    14. A league of nations should be created - 
  • Reactions
    • many allies were skeptical about Wilson's idealism
    • Britain refused to sign on some points
    • Allies wanted Germany to pay for the reparations
    • Germans believed it was fair terms of peace
    • countries wanted revenge and money
    • Maximilian of Baden (Germany) asked Wilson for an armistice in October 1918
    • Wilson became sick at the beginning of the Paris peace conference
    • The French Prime Minister changed many of Wilson's points
    • influenced Treaty of Versailles 
    • influenced the Foreign Policy
Cost Of War
  • Allied Powers
    • paid around $125 billion to fund war effort
    • suffered over 22 million in casualties
  • US
    • paid around $22 billion to fund war effort
    • 115 thousand total deaths
  • Central Powers
    • paid around $60 billion to fund war effort
    • 15 million in casualties
  • TOTAL
    • $186 billion to fund war effort
    • 21.2 million wounded
    • 15 million killed 

New Countries in Europe after WWI

  • Finland
  • Estonia
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Poland
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Yugoslavia

Bolshevik Revolution

  • Key people
    • Vladimir Lenin
      • established Bolshevik party
      • lead armed rebellion to establish communism in Russia
    • Tsar Nicholas II
      • Tsar of Russia prior to the Bolshevik revolution
      • Stepped down as Tsar on March 15th, 1917
    • Alexander Kerensky
      • Russian Prime Minister
      • Led the provisional government after the Tsar left his position
  • Bolsheviks = communists
    • radical socialist group
    • led by Vladimir Lenin
    • take over Russia
    • aided by Germany and Russian military
    • wanted to stop Russia's participation in the war
  • October Revolution
    • armed rebellion
    • started October 24th - troops took over government buildings
      • telegraph and telephone offices
      • banks
      • railroads
      • post offices
      • major bridges
    • October 25th - Bolshevik troops to take over Winter palace
    • October 26th - government is taken over
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
    • signed on March 3rd, 1918
    • ended Russia's participation in the war
    • Russia lost a lot of land - 1 million square miles
    • Independence to Ukraine, Georgia, and Finland
    • Lost:
      • Poland, Lithuania, and Estonia
      • Coal mines, Iron stores, and industry
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  • Good but you missed a week.

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