1. What positive and negative impact did the 1920's have on the United States?(20 points)-Ch. 12-13
Prohibition
18th amendment- the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal
supporters believed alcohol brought about corruptions, crime wife and child abuse and accidents
Alcohol was allowed for medicinal and religious purposes
saloons closed and drunkenness went down
prohibition failed for three reasons
people despised it, saw it as government meddling in lives
the Prohibition bureau was underfunded- had 1500 people to supervise the country
organized crime became commonplace
Bootlegging-illegally making or distributing alcohol
Moonshine- alcohol made secretly in homemade stills
Several hundred people a year died from drinking moonshine during the 1920’s
Speakeasies- to obtain alcohol illegally, people went underground to secret bars, could be anywhere, moved frequently, to be admitted a card or passard had to be given
Every major city had it’s gang
Due to gang violence only 19 of the Americans supported prohibition by 1925
Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the 21st amendment
Buying on Credit
GDP was high
When people have money, they put it back into the economy
“Buy now, pay later”- stock market was booming
Buying on margin- buying stocks on credit
The Era of Permanent Prosperity
“As long as everyone has faith, everything will be fine.”
Oct. 29, 1929
Crash
Causes of the Crash
Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value- watered stock prices (overpriced, the company is actually losing money)
Over-speculation during the 1920’s led to watered stock
Buying on margin- people were in debt
Overproduction of goods/ under-consumption by consumers
Uneven distribution of wealth- people weren’t buying, they were saving
Too much borrowing from banks
Not secure will their loans
People couldn’t pay it off
Federal reserve increased interest rates-
Banks borrowed money from the Fed. reserve
Had to raise interest rates to make the money “real”
Should have had higher interest rate throughout the 20’s to prevent debt
Lack of government regulation
Banks used to take your money and invested it into the stockmarket
Pooling- rich people buying stock in the company then the rest of the population will invest too
Women’s rights
Women got the right to vote- 19th Amendment
It’s important for women to vote because they can have a say in government that benefits them
Women were starting to work outside the home and go to college
Women took the men’s jobs during WWI
Margaret Sanger- in 1921, She founded the American Birth Control League.
Now known as Planned Parenthood.
Women were then able to control their own bodies
This movement educated women about existing birth control methods
Women were earning 39 percent of the college degrees given in the US
In 1900 it was 19%
1928 Olympics were the first that women were allowed to compete
Automobile
Model T made for the average American
Horses were problems in the cities
Impact
Transportation
Could commute
Kids would leave and wouldn’t come back
Vacations
Created jobs
Accidents/ drunk driving
Pollution
Only Black
Airplane
Entertainment shows, mail, military
C. Lindbergh- first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean (most famous person in the US) Racist, Anti-Jew
A. Earhart first woman to fly nonstop across Atlantic- Could have run out of gas, crashed and died on an island in the Pacific
2. Understand the causes of the stock market crash and Great Depression.
Stock Market Crash-causes
Stock- buying a part of a company
Buying stock on margin allowed middle class citizens to purchase stock
Broker borrows money from the bank, the people borrow money from the broker
Dow Jones- 30 of the largest companies in the US
Causes of the Crash
Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value- watered stock prices (overpriced, the company is actually losing money)
Over-speculation during the 1920’s led to watered stock
Buying on margin- people were in debt
Overproduction of goods/ under-consumption by consumers
Uneven distribution of wealth- people weren’t buying, they were saving
Too much borrowing from banks
Not secure will their loans
People couldn’t pay it off
Federal reserve increased interest rates-
Banks borrowed money from the Fed. reserve
Had to raise interest rates to make the money “real”
Should have had higher interest rate throughout the 20’s to prevent debt
Lack of government regulation
Banks used to take your money and invested it into the stockmarket
Pooling- rich people buying stock in the company then the rest of the population will invest too
1.-Causes of the Great Depression
Overproduction of goods- companies were producing but no one was buying, they had to close down and people lost their jobs
Underconsumption of goods by consumers- no one had money to purchase goods
Agricultural slump in 1920’s due to overproduction- after WWI they kept producing the same amount- more than they needed
High protective tariff policies of the 1920’s- forces people to buy American products but people weren’t buying here and other countries weren’t importing our goods either
Taxes benefiting the rich- the rich got richer and the poor got poorer
Stock Market Crash- people lose money, banks lose money, businesses failed
Banks closing- People’s money was gone
3. Understand the impact the stock market crash and Great Depression had on the country and world as well as on the lives of people in the United States.
-Impact the Great Depression had on people and our country
Hoovervilles- people lost their homes so they lived in shacks
Made of plywood, tin
Max of 5 years for home loans and paid interest at the end
Added the term Hoover to things bc they blamed him
Breadline- usually just the men waited in the lines
Soup kitchens
Welfare- destroys incentive
Minorities- 50% unemployment rate
Hoboes hopping freight trains
Didn’t want to be a burden to their parents
Dust Bowl- during WWI farmers were told to plow up their grass lands, but they stayed like that so there was overproduction
Okies- left the dust bowl states and moved west because they lost everything
4. Understand what the United States government did to help alleviate the problems the Great Depression brought to our country
How did the New Deal Help?
Unemployed people
Civilian Conservation Corps
Limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose fathers were on relief
Members worked 40 hours a week and were paid $30 per month, with the requirement that $25 of that be sent home to family
Members lived in camps, wore uniforms, and lived under military discipline
US Army operated
Workers planted trees, fought forest fires, stopped soil erosion
Constructed military bases during WWII
Funding stopped in 1942
Young people
National Youth Administration
Pushed by Eleanor Roosevelt
Served 327,000 high school and college youth who were paid 6 to 40 dollars a month for ‘work study’ projects at their schools
Allowed thousands of young people to stay in school
155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid 10 to 25 dollars a month for part time work or job training
Lived at home and worked on construction or repair sites
Banks
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
Insured people’s money in banks up to 1000, (today 250000)
Passed in response to the bank failures after the stock market crash
Insures money in savings and checking accounts money market accounts and CD’s
Stock Market
Federal Securities Act
Made the market a safer place for people to invest their money
Two goals
Required investors be given information about the company and the stock
Got rid of deceit, misrepresentations and other fraud
Factory Workers
National Industrial Recovery Act
Establishing codes of fair competition in the workplace
Tried to make it voluntary agreements with business’ dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and fixing of prices
Businesses which complied could display the Blue Eagle
NIRA helped create jobs for workers building schools
Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
Farmers
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
Allowed gov. to pay farmers to reduce production to conserve soil and prevent erosion
Educated farmers on how to use their lands without damaging them
Erosion dropped 65 percent
Homeowners
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation
When buying a house bank required a 50% down payment
Had to have it payed off in 5-7 years
HOLC reduced the downpayment and allowed people to pay it off over a longer period of time
Elderly
Social Security Administration
Provides retirement, disability, and survivors’ benefits
Workers pay social security taxes on their earnings
Consumers
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
Power to regulate industries
Mandated a review of the safety of all new drugs before going to market
Banned false therapeutic claims
Native Americans
Indian Reorganization Act
Allowed NA to govern themselves on tribal basis
Keep their own land
Included provisions to help create job opportunities on Indian Reservations
Still around today
5. Understand the causes, effects and major events of WWI.
Pearl Harbor- Dec 7, 1941
Japan wanted to destroy as much as possible
Was in complete radio silence for weeks while the Japanese crossed the Pacific Ocean
USS Arizona Memorial
The names of the Arizona's dead are engraved on a white marble wall at the memorial
December 8, 1941- declared war
FDR’s War Message
Pearl Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked on Dec 7
Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, Philippine Islands, Wake Island, Midway Island
Why did Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
Japan invaded French Indochina, US stopped trading with Japan
Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, guaranteeing that japan and USSR would not go to war
Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful
Only way to force US’ hand was to hit them ard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war
Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat US
- Plan backfired. Instead, Japan ‘awoke a sleeping giant’
DDay Operation Overlord
Free France of German control
Omaha Beach was the most heavily defended area
Threw false information out for Hitler to receive
US had balloon tanks
1500 deaths, 7000 casualties
Largest amphibious attack in history
By June 11 with the beachheads firmly secure
- More than 326000 troops had crossed with more than 100000 tons of military equipment
Manhattan Project
German scientists were in the lead for developing the bombs
Many german scientists came to the US
Instead of hundreds of bombs this was one that could do the same damage
Hitler didn’t understand how one bomb can be that affective
Trinity test
Test of atomic bomb
Had to wait several days to check it out because of radiation
Sand turned to glass
Enola Gay
Had to develop this specific plane to drop atomic bombs because the bombs were so heavy
Uranium bomb was not as powerful as plutonium
Hiroshima
Didn’t destroy the whole city
Hotter than the sun
Weather plane
Photo plane got lost
Went exactly as expected
Radiation sickness- cancer
Ultimately saved lives because we would have lost more people by invading verses one atomic bomb
Nagasaki
Third target
Running out of fuel
Dropped the bomb but missed target
- Twice as powerful as Hiroshima bomb but didn’t create as much damage
6. Understand how/why the Allies won WWII.
Women in WWII
Women’s Army Corp
Photography
Cartography
Women’s Navy- WAVES
WASP Women’s army service pilots
Test and transport planes
Native American Code Talkers
Couldn’t learn the language
Couldn’t break our code
Allied Intelligence
Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers
Radar provided means of detecting vessels and aircrafts
HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions
Ultra was the codename for the intercepting and deciphering German military code
Magic was the intercepting and deciphering Japanese military code
Rationing OPA- (Office of price administration)
Had to make sure there was enough for our allies and troops
Controlling prices
Every week, you got a book of stickers with a certain amount
Black Market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers
Lines
Rules with ration book
Can’t give stamps to someone else
Couldn’t buy anything when stamps are gone
Saturday-Saturday
War Production Board
Encouraging people to work
Don’t waste time
War Finance Committee and War Bonds
War bonds were the biggest way that we payed for the war
Investment for US citizens
Soldiers from Iwo Jima sent out to encourage buying war bonds
7. Understand the causes, effects, goals, and major events of the Cold War.
Causes of the Cold War
*Different political systems
US is based on democracy, capitalism, and freedom
USSR is based on dictatorship, communism, and control
*The Red Scare - 1919
Did many things to stop the spread of communism
Stopped immigration, Palmer raids
Fear of communism started before WWI
*Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions
Lack of communication
*Stalin despised capitalism
Drove him to defeat it
Thought war was inevitable
Thought the top 1% rich caused all the problems in the world
*Distrust during WWII
We worked together reluctantly
Stalin was very frustrated with us because he was losing millions of people
Stalin was allies with Germany at one point - concerned us how he could make a deal with the devil
*Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference
Stalin did not allow this and forced Eastern Europe to become communist
*Fear of attacks
Stalin always said war was inevitable, assumed it would happen at some point
USSR and US were both scared of attacks from other side
USSR's fear of the atomic bomb - we could always hang it over his head
*USSR's actions in their German zone
*Soviet Union wanted to spread communism around the world
- Our goal was to stop the spread of communism
Key Terms
Winston Churchill Speech
Missouri, US
Talked about how Europe is split after WWII into communists and non communists
Domino Effect - Eisenhower 1954
One country becomes communist, many follow
Policy of Containment - 1946
We knew we had to stop the spread of communism
Truman Doctrine
In 1947, the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerillas
They appealed to AMerica for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine
Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists
Marshall Plan
US secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan
This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from WWII
There were 2 motives
Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefitting american industry
A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism
Brinkmanship
Going to the edge of war, without declaring war
Threatened nuclear war, soviets backed down
Massive Retaliation/ Mutual Deterrence/ Mutual Assured Destruction
Each side will attack back
Because of that no one will use the nuclear warfare
Everyone would die
NATO
US alliance with Western Europe
First peacetime alliance in history
CIA vs KGB
Central Intelligence agency- spies
Nikita Khrushchev
Took over after Stalin
De-Stalinization
Peaceful Co-existence
Detente
Easing of tensions
Looking better- 1970’s
Peace deals
Not liked by Regan because it creates two worlds, free and communist
Mikhail Gorbachev
1985, brought about change in Russia
Perestroika and Glasnost
Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
More democracy and free elections
More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people
Free speech and press
USSR’s First Atomic Test
Got it 4 or 5 years before we predicted
Bomb shelters were built
Assumed world war III
Nuclear Powers of the World (original)
US
Russia
UK
France
China
(non-original)
India
Pakistan
North Korea
Israel?
Iran?
Nuclear Power Treaties
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Started underground nuclear testing
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology
Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament
Anti-Ballistic Missile- US/USSR
Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched
In the 1980’s Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative
US withdraws in 2002 under Bush
Withdrew due to missile defense system
The Ballistic Missile Defense System
Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attacks on the US or allies
SALT I
Froze the number of strategic ballistic middile launchers at existing levels
Limited new submarines-launched ballistic Missile
SALT II
Was signed but never ratified by Congress
Due to Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 1996
Signed by Clinton
Not ratified by the Senate
Senate reasoning: “A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of Americas’s existing nuclear arsenal”
International Atomic Energy Agency- 1957
Makes sure countries follow rules
INF Treaty- 1987
Eliminated nuclear missiles with intermediate ranges
USSR and US
The START Treaties
Resulted in the removal of 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
SORT
Strategic Offensive REductions Treaty
Russia and US
Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons
New START
Signed by Obama and Russian President Medvedev
The number of strategic missile launchers will be reduced by half
A new inspection and verification system will be established
Lasts until 2021
United Nations
World wide peace-keeping organization
Has a military force
US is a member
END OF KEY TERMS
8. Understand the causes, effects, and major events of the Korean Conflict.
Origin
Japan had Korea before WWII started
After WWII, Korea was split into two, the north and south
An election was going to held to eventually unify Korea
United Nations held an election in 1948
The Soviet Union refused to allow participation in the election in their occupied zone
Instead they handed over power to the North Korean Communist Party
Before War
US left SK, too far away and we don’t need to worry about it
NK wanted invaded SK
Mao and Stalin were concerned that it would encourage American Intervention in Asia after just leaving
Kim was able to manipulate them both and get permission
War
North invaded the South and does well
United Nations sends troops to help the South
2 pronged attack
North is not prepared
China assumes the troops would invade them
China invades North Korea
United Nations Police Action
United Nations Security Council voted to send troops to help South Korea
US, Great Britain, France, China and the Soviet Union were permanent members that could veto the “police action”
China was not communist China
USSR was not at the meeting
MacArthur
We were to not make it look like we were going to invade China
MacArthur threatened nuclear warfare
MacArthur was fired by Truman
End of the War
Cease-fire declared in 1953
A peace treaty was never signed
2 million people died
This extended the Cold War to Asia
Proved that we can fight a limited war
9. Understand the causes, effects, and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.
Goal of U.S. - stop communism
Goal of Vietnam - communism
*History
Vietnam was always controlled by the French
Japan invaded and took over in WWII
Vietnam thought they would get freedom after wwII
French took them back over
1954 - French fought to maintain control of Vietnam
The French lost
Vietnam guessed independence
*Geneva Conference
Country was split in half
Each side by different leaders
Was going to be an election held, but it never happened
Ho Chi Minh was upset
U.S. started stepping in
*War
U.S. & South Vietnamese Army vs. South Vietnamese guerilla fighters, North vietnamese Army
*Escalation
Going up slowly
Started with the deployment of military advisors to the South Vietnamese Army
Then started using special forces (green berets) for commando-style operations
Then regular troops were sent for defensive only
Finally, in 1964, regular troops were used for offensive combat
Once U.S. troops were in active combat, escalation shifted to the adding of more and more US troops
*Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Several US ships were supposedly attacked by North Vietnamese
Congress gave president Johnson the power to wage war in Vietn
*The Tet Offensive (1968)
Turning point in Vietnam
From 1965 General Westmoreland kept saying that with more troops we will win the war
Most Americans tended to believe this at first
The American’s public faith was shattered Jan. 30, 1968 when the enemy attacked every city in the south with a massive offensive push
Although we crushed the enemy militarily, the surprisingly huge offensive attack from an enemy that was supposedly almost defeated convinced Americans that victory was impossible
*Anti-War
Why were so many people against the war?
Tet Offensive
Pentagon papers
A leak that someone in the military/gvt. Sent to the New York Times
Said the government has been lying to us about Vietnam
Injuring/killing innocent people (My Lai Massacre)
US soldiers killed 504 Vietnamese civilians
The dead consisted of a lot of young kids and older people
Women were raped and bodies mutilated
Supporting a bad government in the south
The press
Kent St. University
Kids were protesting, burning buildings
Kids were throwing rocks and taunting at National Guards
Led to 5 or 6 people being shot by National Guards
*Who fought?
Poor people
Right out of college
Right out of high school
Who got out of it:
Went to a different country
Went to college
Got married
Unfit
Lied
Rich
*Nixon and the war
Nixon called for the “vietnamization” of the war
Nixon promised to get us out of the war in the 1968 election
Let the vietnamese fight it
*end of the war
Paris Peace Accords - officially ended US involvement in the Vietnam conflict
Fighting stopped
Us would pull out of Vietnam
North and South vietnam would recognize each other's independence
Peace?
Once we left the peace left
North invades 2 years later and quickly takes over the South
Vietnam is still communist today
Became one country in 1976
10. Understand the causes and effects of the Persian Gulf Wars, 9-11 and the War on Terror.
1950’s
1952 election- Stevenson v Eisenhower
1956 election- Stevenson v Eisenhower
Brown v Board of Education- Segregation is unconstitutional, ended segregation in schools
Montgomery Bus Boycott- protest against racial segregation on transportation systems in Montgomery, Alabama.. Successful
McCarthyism- claimed to know there were communists but lied, affected jobs and reputations
Nixon Checkers Speech- Money given to him was used to the public’s benefit but believed to be used for illegal reasons
1960’s
Elections
Election of 1960- JFK v Nixon
Election of 1964- Lyndon B. Johnson v Barry Goldwater
Election of 1968- Nixon, Humphrey, Wallace
Scandals
JFK affair with Marilyn Monroe/ Overdose conspiracy
Chappaquiddick Scandal-Edward Kennedy drove into pond, didn't tell anyone for ten hours, not charged but couldn’t run for President
JFK affairs
JFK assassination
Driving with Texas Governor and Jacqueline Kennedy
Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald
Warren Report- Done just by Oswald, secret service had done a poor job
Malcom X assassination
Killed by isreal organization
Martin Luther Assassination
Balcony of hotel room
James Earl Ray
Bobby Kennedy Assassination
Shot in kitchen corridor
Sirhan Sirhan
Running for president
Peace Corps
Help people around the world
Equal Pay Act
Established equal pay for genders
Civil Rights act
Outlawed discrimination in parks, restaurants, and hotels
Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion
War on Poverty
Reduce unemployment
Increase education and job training
Medicare and Medicaid
National health insurance program for elderly
Health care for people on welfare
Voting Rights act
Abolished literacy test
Allowed African Americans to vote
Fair Housing act
Outlawed discrimination in the sale or rental of the most privately owned homes and apartments based on gender, race, religion
Man on the Moon
Neil Armstrong
Higher Education act
Created the first federally funded college scholarships
Low income housing bill
Financed the construction and renovation of 1.7 million units
Freedom Riders
Attempted to integrate bus travel
Challenged racial laws
Women’s Liberation Movement
Would should have a say in the government
Should be allowed to leave the home and earn income
Stonewall Riots
LGBT rights
Food Stamps
Food purchasing assistance for low income families
Head Start
Child development program for low income families
Gun Control Act
Regulates the firearms industry and owners
Prohibits interstate firearms transfers
2000's
- Gay marriage legalized in some states
- Hurricane Katrina
- President Obama
- War on Terror
- 9/11
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