May 1-5

[8 Samantha]

Monday- Cold war PowerPoint

Notes

Definition

1. A political, strategic, and ideological struggle between the Us and soviet union from 1945-1990.
2. Spread throughout the world- Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Communism vs Democracy

• Democracy- Elected officials elected by the people
• Communism- practice: gov't is in control of everything. Theory: Carl Marx came up with the theory. 

Socialism vs Capitalism

• Capitalism-hard work= more pay
• Socialism-not as much incentive, paid the same wage. 

History of USSR

• Bolshevik Revolution
• Valdmir Lenin
• Joseph Stalin
• Purges
• Collectivization
• Nationalization
• Five year plan
• Soviet-German Non aggression pact
• War with Germany
• Battle of Berlin-may 1945

Causes

• Different political system
• Us is based on democracy, capitalism, and freedom
• USSR is based on dictatorship, communism,and control
• The Red Scare- 1919
• Both thought their systems were better and distrusted the others intention
• Stalin despised capitalism
• Distrust during WW2
• Stalin breaking his promise to allow free election at the Yalta conference
• American fear of a communist attack(red scare) and USSR's fear of a US attack
• USSR's fear of the atomic bomb
• USSR' actions in their German zone
• USSR's goal to spread communism around the world

*The west- (US, GB, West Germany, Canada) and the east-USSR, East Germany

Post WW2/ cold war goals for Us

• Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression
• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa
• Stop the spread of communism- Policy of Containment
• Wanted to create greater security for itself
• lost tens of millions of people in WW2 and  Stalin's' purges
• feared a strong Germany
• Establish defensible boarders
• Encourage friendly governments on its boarders
• Spread communism around the world

Domino effect-Eisenhower-1954

• If don't stop communism- US may become communistic

Truman Doctrine

• In 1947, the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas. 
• They appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine.
• Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists. 

Marshall Plan

• In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan
• This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from WWII

There were two motives for this:

• Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry
• A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism

NATO

• In 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia

• NATO was a defensive alliance

• This was the first peacetime alliance in US History
• It consisted of: -America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy
• Still around today and has expanded

Brinkmanship- 1950's-1960's

• Us has to be willing to got the brink of war without actually going to war

Massive Retaliation- shoot at them, they shoot back

Mutual Deterrence- do not fire in enemy fires at you

Mutual Assured Destruction-Us had nukes, USSR had nukes.

Warsaw pact-1955-1991

• Soviet union's NATO (basically)

CIA vs KGB

• Central intelligence agency-1947- present
• Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee for state security) 1954-1991

Stalin dies- Nikita Khrushchev- 1953-1964

peaceful co-exsitance- after '53

De-stalinization- after '53

Detente-70's- french for 'easing of tensions'

Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in USSR-1985

Perestroika and glasnost

• Perestroika-Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system

• More democracy

• Free elections

• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people 
• Free speech and press

USSR's First Atomic test-1949

Nuclear Powers of the world

• United States-1945
• Russia-1949
• United Kingdom-1952
• France-1960
• China-1964
• India-1974
• Pakistan-1998
• North Korea-2006
• Israel-??
• Iran-Developing?
• New Deal
• Struck(4-2-15)
• Maybe Not(4-9-15)

Nuclear power treaties/ organizations

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963
• Underground nuclear testing
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1968
• More on next slide
• SALT I Treaty-1972-More on future slides

JFK signs Partial Nuclear Test Ban-1963

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1970

• “Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology”

• “Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy”

• “Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament”

Anti-Ballistic missile -172-US/USSR

• Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched

• In the 1980’s, President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI)

• US withdraws in 2002 under George W Bush

• Withdrew due to missile defense system

Ballistic missile Defense system- Missile defense agency

• Program is designed to counter any Nuclear missile attack on the US or allies

Salt I Treaty- US/USSR-1972

• SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
• Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).
• RICHARD NIXON- President of the United States of America
• L.I. BREZHNEV- General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
• SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress
• Due to Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996
• Signed by President Bill Clinton
• Not ratified by the Senate
• Why? Senate reasoning:

• “A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of America’s existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee treaty compliance by all countries.”

INF treaty-1987

• Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (300-3,400 miles).
• USSR and US

The start treaties

• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
• START I(1991)
• Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history
• Resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
• The START I treaty expired in 2009

SORT-2003

• Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

• Between US and Russia
• Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear
• weapons was to be cut in half by 2012.
• The goal was achieved in 2007 for US
• Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took it’s
• place

New START-2011

• Signed by President Obama and former Russian President Medvedev

• The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half

• A new inspection and verification system will be established

• Lasts until 2021

United Nations-1945- present

• Worldwide peace keeping organization
• Can wage war against aggressive countries

The first Berlin crisis- June 1948-may 1949

• In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's(US,France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshal Plan.

• The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.

• In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector.

• Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission.

• The West responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive.

• In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

The Second red Scare- 1947-'57

Causes:

1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial -Found guilt of spying for the Soviets-executed in 1953

• The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe-1945
• The USSR detonating their atomic bomb-1949
• China becoming communist in 1949
• The Korean War starting in 1950-Domino Effect

• Stalin’s actions in Germany-Berlin Blockade

Chaing Kai Shek vs Mao Zedong-Mao Zedong wins, china becomes communist, Chaing flees to Taiwan

Alien registration act of 1940 (Smith Act)

• Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government

• Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government

• Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists, Anarchists, and fascists

• Prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until a the Supreme Court decision declared law unconstitutional in 1957

McCarthy and McCarthyism

• Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin

• In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department

• No one in the press actually saw the names on the list, but McCarthy's announcement made national news and caused panic throughout the country

• McCarthy became one of the most powerful people in the US

McCarthy's downfall

• McCarthy’s downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate “communist infiltration into the military.”

• This was the final straw for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who realized that McCarthy’s movement needed to be stopped

• In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges.

• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.

McCarthyism- The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

House Un-American Activities Committee-HUAC-1945-1975

• This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood

• The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda
• They set up hearings to investigate the movie industry

• Hollywood Ten -Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine

Charlie Chaplin-blacklisted actor- moved to France-got a lifetime achievement award

Us tests H-bomb-1952

• 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb

• Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

USSR launches Sputnik-1957

Yuri Gagarin- 1961

• Caused US to panic

Francis Gary Powers shot down in USSR- 1960

Eisenhower embarrassment

• Khrushchev: “I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well… and now just look how many silly things [the Americans]” have said.

Berlin wall- 1961

Why was the wall Built?

• What did the USSR want?

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

Bay of pigs

• What is it?
• what were the results?
• How did it hurt President Kennedy?- told the Cubans that the military would help him, but that didn't happen

Cuban missile Crisis- October-1962

The compromise

• The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba

• The US would promise never to invade Cuba

• The US would secretly remove our nuclear

missiles from Turkey within six months

Thirteen days

• Be able to describe what happened in the crisis.

• Be able to describe the different choices that Kennedy had to choose from in dealing with this threat.

• Be able to explain the compromise that was reached to end the crisis.

• Be able to explain how this crisis was an example of brinkmanship.

Leonid Brezhnev-1964-1982

Nixon visits china

Nixon visits Moscow

• Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in Moscow, marking the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty on May 26, 1972.

Soviets invade Afghanistan

Ronald Reagan becomes president- 1981

• Ran on a very strong anti-communist platform

• Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov-USSR leader- 1892

Konstantin Chernenko takes over-1985

Berlin wall comes down- Nov. 9th, 1989

Boris Yeltsin- President of Russia -1991-1999

Discussion

• Why did the US win the Cold War?
• Why did the USSR lose the Cold War?

Answers

1. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn’t.
2. China started siding with us after 1972.
3. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US’s was flourishing.

• Huge deficit
• High inflation
• Corruption
• Social problems
• Shortage of basic needs(food, housing)

4. The strong anti-communist presidency of
Reagan.
5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and reform.

• a. glasnost and perestroika
• b. admitted Soviet mistakes
• c. took blame for the Cold War
• d. communist system had failed
• e. allowed Eastern Europe to do what they
• wanted

6. Arms Reduction Talks

• a. SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings

7. Soviet Mistakes

• a. invasion of Afghanistan
• b. ignoring social concerns
• c. spent everything on military

Post cold war

• In the 1990’s, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
• We didn’t have any major threat to worry about
• President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military
• 9-11 caught the US off guard

Poland Czech republic and Hungary join NATO-1999

Putin New leader of Russia- 1999-2008 and 2012-??

Russia vs Ukraine-2014-15

• Ukraine wanted to join the European Union but leader did not want to as he was Pro-Russia
• Ukrainian leader is forced out
• Russia moves troops in the Crimean Peninsula and annexes it after Crimean voters vote to approve annexation
• The United Nations declares this act by Russia as illegal
• Russia invades Ukraine to protect pro-Russians in Ukraine
• Cease-fire was signed in February, 2015

Cease-fire signed- Minsk 2

Allies or Enemies

The Syrian Problem

• Syrian government(President Assad) is supported by Russia

• The Rebels, who want to take down Assad’s government, are backed by the US
• -Who are the Rebels?
• ISIS is in control of northern Syria and both sides dislike them

• In April 2017, Assad gassed Rebels, said he was trying to attack ISIS

Tuesday- Cold war notes continued (see above)

Wednesday-Cold war notes 

Thursday- Cold war notes

Friday- Vietnam war/ Korean war notes

The Korean Conflict: The forgotten war

• 1950-'53
• North K is communist
• south K is democratic

Origins:

• Korea was invaded by Japan from 1910 to 1945
• After ww2, Korea was split in two
• An election was going to be held to eventually unify Korea
• The UN held an election in 1948, but did not unify Korea- North Korea refused results

Kim ill -sung: leader of N. K

Kim ill-sung asked Soviet union and china for 'permission to invade S. K

Pushed south Korea to south east, near Pusan.

then SK was pushed toward china by Douglas MacArthur- Didn't last

China invades

War went back and forth for the next 2 years.

MacArthur fired by Harry Truman

Post Korean war

• The rest of the war involved little territory change and lengthy peace negotiations
• Even during the peace negotiations combat continued For the south Korean and allied forces the goal was to recapture all of what had been SK

Results- stalemate (no body won)

Kim jong un took office in 2011, after his father died

nuclear aggressiveness

Vietnam war

1950-1975

The French connection

• France controlled french-Indochina
• thought they would get their independence- didn't happen

Geneva conference-1954

• Vietnam was portioned temporarily into north and south
• had an election- didn't happen

Escalation 1957-75

• Started with e deployment of military advisers to the south Vietnamese army
• Then started using special forces for commando style operations
• Then regular troops were sent for offensive purposes only
• Finally in 1964, regular troops were used for offensive combat
• Once Us troops were in active combat escalation shifted  into adding more and more troops

The Tet offensive-1968

Vietcong launched attacks in dozens of cites

anti war- why were people against it?

1. Tent offensive

2. pentagon papers

3. injuring/killing innocent people (my Lai massacre) 

4. Supporting a bad government in south

5. The power of the press

Kent St. protest- infamous