KNOW THE BATLLE OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO
Battles of the Texan Revolution
- Battle of the Alamo (Mexico vs. Republic of Texas)
- Location: Modern-Day San Antonio, Texas.
- Commanders and leaders:
- –Mexico: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- -Republic of Texas : William Travis and James Bowie
- Everybody from the Republic of Texas died
- Importance of the Battle of the Alamo
- Turning point in the Texas Revolution
- Inspiring many to join the Texan Army
- Wanting a revenge for the Alamo ultimately led to the Texan army defeating Mexico in a battle.
- Winner of the Alamo was Mexico.
- Battle of San Jacinto
- Date: April 21, 1836 (after the Alamo)
- Texans were wanting revenge for the Alamo
- “Remember the Alamo”
- A very short battle – 18 minutes
- Turning point in the war
- Key Players of Battle of Jacinto
- General Sam Houston – leader of the Texan Army
- General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – leader of the Mexican Army
- The Battle and Aftermath
- Armies
- Mexico – 1500 men
- Texas - 910 men
- Armies
- Texans burned Vince’s bridge
- Houston lead a surprise attack
Texan Army
- 9 killed, 26 wounded
- Houston was shot in the ankle
- Mexican Army
- 630 killed, 208 wounded, 703 captured
- Santa Anna – president of Mexico-was capture the day after the battle as a POW
- He disguised himself as a common soldier
- Soon after, a treaty was signed
Fall of Santa Anna
- Santa Anna’s ruling became dictatorship like during 5th reign.
- Directed a military expedition to Texas but didn’t gain anything.
- Fall began after Santa Anna came back from the way
- ----Raised taxes trying to restore the treasury.
- ----Tried to avoid being captured and went into hiding
- ----Resentment from the united states.
- Santa Anna was exiled and got power to come back for Over a 40 year period, he became president 11 times which made the government unstable.
Turmoil of Mexican Government
- Economy was politically unstable
- Strong-arm dictatorship
- Government was too weak to protect the rights of its citizens
- Santa Anna used the Pastry wars as a way to gain popularity back in Mexico.
Response to Annexation of Texas
- Declared war on the US
- Mexican-American war
- Main Reasons:
- Annexation of Texas
- Americans desire for California and other Mexican territories
- Americans won every battle because they had lots of artillery and officers
- War was stressful for Mexico
- Lost half of territory (California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah)
Juarez Rises to power
- After Santa Anna was exiled in 1855, the liberal movement (La Reforma) began
- La Reforma was led by Benito Juarez
- In 1857, Juarez was declared president
- Remained president until 1872 when he died
- La Reforma: Promoted equal rights for the Indian population, better across to health care and education, lessening the political and financial power of the Catholic Church, championed the raising of the living standards for the rural poor.
- In 1858, conservatives rebelled and had to leave Mexico City and went to Veracruz.
- In 1861, conservatives lost power – came back as president of Mexico City.
La Reforma
- La Reforma ended up stripping the military and church of some of their own privileges.
BUI PEOPLE
Santa Anna –
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- Wealthy land owner
- Later came back and took over Mexico again as a dictator
- His last year in presidency he was kicked out for treason
- Was president for 11 years
- Also known as the Napoleon of the west
- Mexican political leader. General, president
- First fought for Mexican independence from Spain.
- He attacked the Alamo
- He was the leader of the Mexican forces at the battle of the Alamo
Stephen Austin
- Founder of Anglo- American Texas
- Father of Texas
- Austin Texas is named after him
- --efforts in Texas Revo. with Mexico
- Post Mexican war:
- --continued contributing to Texas
- --Houston appointed Austin of first secretary of state
- --Died not too long after
James “Jim” Bowie
- Was a 19th century American pioneer, soldier, smuggler. Slave trader, and land speculator
- He died at the Battle of Alamo
- Was a legendary figure in the Texas history
- Known for his bowie knife (large knife used to kill the sheriff)
- He was very big into slave trading. For a couple years he worked in the slave trading business with his brother which is how he made his living for a while.
- Co-commanded the volunteer forces
- Died in the Alamo
- William Travis – co-commander with Jim Bowie
Davy Crockett
- “King of the Wild frontier”
- Best hunter in Tennessee
- Died at the Alamo
- Leader of the legendary Tennessee volunteers.
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Mexico fighting for Independence
The beginnings
- The struggle for Mexican independence dates back to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire when Martin Cores (son of Hernan Cortes)
- Martin Cores led a revolt against the Spanish colonial government inorder to eliminate privileges for the conquistadors. (his mother was not Hernan’s wife but his interpreter.)
Conspiracy of the Machetes
- Pedro de la Portilla was the leader
- In 1799, he arranged a meeting with about twenty other powerless youths.
- The meeting discussed the situation that Criollos found themselves in, in relation to Peninsulares (Criollos were “Europeans” born in America, and Peninsulares were Europeans born in Spain.
- Those present agreed to rise in arms to rid the country of Peninsulares.
- The plan agreed on was to free prisoners, and with them storm the viceroy’s palace, thus capturing high officials and funds.
- The conspirators then intended to proclaim the independence of Mexico, declare war on Spain, and kill or expel the Peninsulares
- To accomplish this, they were counting on 1,000 pesos of silver, two pistols, and some 50 cutlasses and machetes.
- Results:
- --Failure
Gritos de Dolores
- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (one person), a local priest and member of a group of educated Criollos met in saloons and in 1810 arrived at the conclusion that a revolt against the colonial government.
- September 16, 1810, he declared independence from the Spanish crown, and war against the government in what was known as the Grito de Dolores.
- October 30, Miguel Hidalgo’s army encountered Spanish resistance at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces, fought them and achieved victory.
- However, the rebel army failed to defeat the large and heavily armed Spanish army in Mexico City.
- The surviving rebels fled to the U.S. – Mexican border but were met by the Spanish. They were executed and their Hidalgo’s head was displayed to the public.
Sides in the Battle
Patriots:
- Mexican Insurgents
- Europeans and volunteers after 1819
- Mexican ex-royalists
- Army of the Three Guarantees
Royalists
- Spanish royalists before 1821
- Mexican royalists
For the next ten years…
- The Mexicans were being held in check by the Spanish.
- Mexico was about to give up and listen to their motherland Spain when…
Change in Fortunes
- In 1820, when the Royalist general Iturbide changed sides and joined the rebels
- He feared that Spain would fall into liberal hands.
- Iturbide brought the Royalist army to his side, and then declared himself emperor, but his reign was exceedingly short.
- He was overthrown by Santa Anna after only a year, and Guadalupe Victoria was elected the first president of the Mexican Republic.
Spain tries to regain Mexico
- Battle of Tampico
- Mexicans defeat Spanish
- On July 61, 1827 a force of 1500 Mexicans under Santa Anna laid siege to 3,000 Spanish and Cuban soldiers, under Barradas, who landed in Tampico, with the intention of overthrowing the Mexican government
- The Spaniards were cut off from reinforcements and surrendered September 11.
Results of the Battle for Mexican Independence
- First Mexican Empire established
- Spain loses Mexico and Losses a lot of respect from the world.
Research: Compare the American Revolution and Mexican revolution.
Settling Texas
- The new country emerged essentially bankrupt from the war against Spain.
- Mexico encouraged settlers to create their own militias for protection against hostile Indian tribes.
- Texas was very sparsely populated and in the hope that an influx of settlers could control the Indian raids, the government liberalized immigration policies for the region.
- The first group of colonies, known as the Old Three hundred, had arrived in 1822 to settle an empresarial (business) grant that had been given to Stephen F. Austin
- The Mexican-born settlers in Texas were soon outnumbered by people born in the United States.
- This scared the Mexican government.
Reasons for settling Texas
- Cheap land for the Americans
- New frontier
- A weak country, doubted too many laws because they wanted the settlers there for protection from the hostile Indians.
Settling Texas cont’d
- The property tax law, intended to exempt immigrants from paying taxes for ten years, was overturned, and tariffs were increased on goods shipped from the United States.
- Texas settlers had to comply with the federal prohibition against slavery or face military intervention.
- The Texan settlers didn’t comply and a few years later, they outnumbered the Mexicans 4:1 and had almost as many slaves as they did people.
The 2 major conflicts:
The Battle of the Alamo
- Texans lost
- All Texans died
- Lasted 13 days
- Famous people there: Travis, Crockett, Bowie, Austin, Santa Anna
The Battle of San Jacinto
- Texans won
- 18 minute battle
- Sneak attack, caught them sleeping
- Famous people: Santa Anna, Houston
Republic of Texas
- Republic of Texas was established 1836-1845
- Mexico will try to regain Texas but fails.
Texas Revo summary
- The Texas Revolution, also known as the Texas War of Independence, was the military conflict between the government of Mexico and Texas colonies that began October 2, 1835.
- Resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Texas after the final battle on April 21, 1836
- Conflicts between the two nations continued into the 1840s, finally being resolved with the Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848 after the annexation of Texas to the United States.
Research: write 2 paragraphs on which person was the most important in Texas gaining its independence.
Mexican-American War
- Main cause of this war was the Texas Annexation
- Also known as the Mexican War, the U.S. –Mexican War, the invasion of Mexico, the U.S. Intervention, or the United States War Against Mexico
- Armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas.
- Why: Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution
Hypocrite?
- Mexico is being hypocritical because even though they fought for their own independence for 11 years, but now they are not letting Texas have their independence.
Manifest Destiny
- Meanwhile, President Polk’s spirit of Manifest Destiny was focusing U.S. Interest on westward expansion.
- It is speaking about westward expansion and how beneficial it is.
- Remember the Louisiana Purchase was less than 50 years (1803) ago during this time.
Polka wants war
- His message to congress on May 11, 1846, stated that “Mexico had passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.”
- Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, with Southern Democrats in strong support.
Santa Anna: second chance
- Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (he is exiled at this point) wrote to Mexico City saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency, but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before.
- Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S. pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades, he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price.
- Once back in Mexico at the head of an army, Santa Anna broke his promise on both agreements. Santa Anna declared himself president again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion.
Thorton Affair:
- Mariano Arista fires on American troops across the Rio Grande. Happened before the official declaration of war.
Battle of Monterrey:
- Taylor (American) with 6,220 defeats Pedro Ampudia, who had 10,000 men.
Battle of Buena Vista:
- Taylor, with 4,500 men crushes Santa Ana, who had 20,000 men
Battle of Chapultepec:
- “Halls of Montezuma” 13,000 Americans attack a fort outside Mexico City.
- 2 days later Winfield Scott captures Mexico City
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Treaty of Guadlupe Hidalgo
- America got land.
- Ended the Mexican-American war.
- Mexico lost 55 % of its territory. America added 1.2 million squares miles.
Research: Part 1: what was more beneficial for expansion. Louisiana Purchase or the result of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Gadsen Purchase. Accurate discuss what you think. Gained more land in the treaty of Guadlupe hidalgo.
Part 2: James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Millard Fillmore
These five are BUI. Write 3 out of five sentences about Mexican american war.
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