Monday: Continued Notes on Chapters 11-13

Tuesday: Continued Notes on Chapters 11-13 and discussed the Semester test time slots

Wednesday: GONE DUE TO REGIONAL BPA

Thursday: Finished the Last Chapter of presentations

Friday: 

Notes:

Feudalism:

• The Invasions of the Carolingian Empire
  • 800-1000 invasions happened 
  • Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy
    • Muslims attacked Rome in 846 
  • Magyar's came from the east
    • terrorized Germany and Italy
    • Were Hungarian tribes
• Vikings
  • Left from Scandinavia
    • Wintry and wooded area in Northern Europe 
  • Also called Northmen or Norsemen
    • Germanic people
  • Worshiped warlike gods
    • Norse mythology
    • Odin-God of war and death
    • Thor- God of storm-weather and the sky and thunder. Also a fertility God
• Viking Raids and War Ships
  • Raids were quick 
  • Took turns working ship's 72 oars
  • Prow swept upward, often ending with the head of a monster carved in the top
  • Could sail in 3 ft of water
  • Used ship to row up shallow creeks and raid inland villages 
• Exploration of Vikings
  • Were also farmers,traders, and explorers
  • Explored the heart of Russia and Constantinople
  • Crossed the icy North Atlantic
  •  Leif Ericson, a viking explorer, reached north American about 1000-1500 years before Columbus did
  • Viking women could inherit property, requested a divorce and reclaim their dowries if the marriages ended
  • Vikings were never part of a unified group
    • Did not recognize fellow Vikings
    • Tribes were often lead to fight against each other when they were not sailing the seas
• Christianity and Vikings
  • Discovered North American the Viking reign of terror in Europe faded away
  • They started to gradually accept Christianity
  • Stopped raiding monasteries 
• Magyars
  • Came after the Vikings
  • Magyar were a group of nomadic people who came from the East (Now Hungary)
  • Were excellent horsemen
  • Swept across the Danube River and invaded west Europe in the late 800's
  • Targeted villages and monasteries
  • Overran Italy and reached as far the the Rhineland and Burgundy 
  • They did not settle on the conquered land instead they took captives 
• Muslims
  • Stuck from the south
  • They started the conquering from their stronghold in Africa 
  • Invaded Italy and Spain 
  • Their plan was to conquer and settle in Europe in the 600's and 700's
  • Muslims were expert seafarers (sailors)
  • Were able to attack settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts 
• Effects of Invasions
  • Caused widespread disorder and suffering 
  • Western Europeans lived in constant danger
  • Kings could not effectively defend their land
    • People no longer look to a central ruler for security
    • Many turned to rulers who had their own army
  • Any ruler who could fight against the invaders gained followers and political strength 

The Power of the Church

• The Church and Roman Empire: Otto I allies with the Church
  • Otto was crowned German King in 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from (962-973)
  • He formed a close relationship with the church and gained more power by getting support by the  bishops
  • Defeated German princes following Charlemagne
  • Invaded Italy in 962 and was rewarded with being crowned emperor 
• Church and Roman Empire: Signs of Future Conflicts
  • The Empire that Otto created was called Roman Empire of the German Nation
  • The Empire later became the Holy Roman Empire
  • Strongest in Europe until 1100
• Authority of Church
  • Gelasius way to solve the conflicts 
  • God made two swords 
    • 1) Religious-Pope
    • 2) Political- Emperor
  • Pope bows to Emperor in political matters
  • Emperor bow to Pope in religious matters 
• Authority of the Church: Structure of the Church
  • Like feudalism, the church was run their own way
  • Power was based on Status
  • Different Ranks of Clergy
    • Pope- highest ranking-everyone fell under him
    • Bishops- settles disputes over the practices and Church teachings
    • Priests- main contact with church 
  • Religion as a Unifying Force
    • Feudalism and Manor system-divided people
    • The beliefs and teachings of Church- brought people together
      • The Church
        • Stable during a time of warfare and political confusion
        • Christians felt safe
          • Struggled everyday- all followed same path to everlasting life in Heaven
        • Clergy administered the Sacraments
          • Religious ceremonies
        • A local village church
  • The Law of the Church
    • Church's Authority- Religious and Political 
    • System of Justice- guides the way people act
      • Medieval Christians (Kings/peasants) were subject to Canon Law
        • The church law when it comes to certain religious practices and Marriage
        • Church had two courts- accuse people of violating the law
        • Excommunication
          • Banished from church
          • It has power over political leaders
        • Interdict
          • Sacraments/religious practices can
          • t be performed on King's lands
          • Then became 
            doomed to hell"
          • Basically forced the emperor to bow down to the Pope in this case
  • Emperor clashes with Pope: Showdown at Canossa
    • The actual "showdown" starts wit Henry crossing the Alps to get to the town of Canossa. Pope Gregory was staying as a guest at the castle in town, and Henry wanted entry. For three entire days he decided it would be good 
    • Now, the Pope was supposed to grant forgiveness of sin to anyone who asked graciously in his terms. SO after those three days, Pope Gregory ended his excommunication, so Emperor Henry rushed home to punish nobles 
  • Concordat of "Worms" (Wurms)
    • Was a compromise 
  • When Frederick Left
    • Disorder returned
    • He Kept invading the rich cities of Italy

Monday: Worked on Chapter's 11-12 Presentations

Tuesday: Worked on Chapter's 11-12 Presentations

Wednesday: Started Chapter's 11-12 Presentations

Thursday: Continued Chapters 11-12 Presentations (My Group Presented on the Russia Empire)

Friday: Continued Chapters 11-12 Presentations 

Turkish Empires Rise In Anatolia

• Questions
  • Explain the effect of Seljuk and other Turkish groups had on the middle east and eastern Europe.
  • How did the Crusades shape the relationship between Christians and Muslims for the future?
  • What causes Genghis Khan and the Mongols to be so powerful and what effect did they have on the world?
• Abbasid's
  • Led by a caliph, the Muslim religious and political leader
  • Had ruled east of the Byzantine Empire since the 700's 
  • Had struggled to maintain control of territories
  • Lost Spain, then Morocco, then Tunisia, then parts of Persia, then Egypt 
• Seljuk's
  • In the 1000's, they conquered most of Anatolia
  • They came closer than Constantinople than anyone else before
• The First Crusade
  • Created by Pope Urban II in 1095
  • Purpose was to drive Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim Rule
  • In 1099 the Crusaders captured Jerusalem and set up a Latin Christian Kingdom 
• Seljuk Return
  • After a century of Christian Rule, a small part of the former Seljuk empire fought back
  • A war between the West and the Muslims, lead Saladin, lead to the Muslims recapturing Jerusalem
  • Eventually a truce between Saladin and King Richard the I of England was signed 
• Persian recruiting
  • Seljuk rulers courted the support of their newly conqueror Persian subjects
  • Boghril Beg chose the Persian city of Isfahan to be the capital of his kingdom
  • Persians became loyal supporters of Seljuk's
• Persian Learning
  • The Seljuks admired Persian learning
  • When they arrived in Southwest Asia, they were unfamiliar with Islamic cut lure and religion 
  • They looked to their Persian subjects for guidance 

Monday: Finished Notes On Ancient Rome

Tuesday: Ancient Rome Group Test Part 1

Wednesday: Ancinet Rome Group Test Part 2

Thursday:

Friday: 

Notes

Ancient Rome

• The Fall of the Roman Empire
  • Historians generally agree that the end of the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) marked the end of two centuries of peace and prosperity
  • Three Main Causes for the Fall
    • 1) Internal problems and conflicts
    • 2) Separation of the Roman Empire into the East and West
    • 3)Outside Invasions
• Diocletian Splits the Empire-285 AD
  • Diocletian-was a strong ruler that brought law and order back to the Empire
  • He believed that the empire had grown too large and too complex for one ruler
  • He divided the empire into two
    • Greek-speaking East (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt)-Byzantine Empire
    • Latin-speaking West(Italy, Gaul, Britain, and Spain) 
  • He took the eastern half for himself and appointed a co-ruler for the West
• Constantine
  • Constantine- took control of the western part of the Roman Empire in 312 AD and also took control of the eastern part in 324 AD
  • United the empire during his reign and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium(330 AD), changing the name of the city of Constantinople 
  • Huge walls were built around Constantinople to protect it from barbarians
  • After his death, the empire was split in two again
  • Today the city is known as Istanbul
  • The Byzantine Empire would at until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks took the area over 
• Multiple Causes
  • Political
    • Office seen as burden, not reward
    • Civil war and unrest
    • Division of empire
    • Moving of capital to Byzantium
  • Social
    • Decline in interest in public affairs
    • Low confidence in empire
    • Disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption
    • Contrast between rich and poor
    • Decline in population due to disease and food shortage
  • Economic
    • Poor harvests
    • Disruption of trade
    • No more war plunder
    •  Gold and silver drain
    • Inflation
    • Crushing tax burden
    • Widening gap between rich and poor and increasing impoverished Western Empire
  • Military
    • Threat from northern European tribes
    • Low funds for defense
    • Problems recruiting Roman citizens; recruiting of non-Romans
    • Decline of patriotism and loyalty among soldiers 
• Immediate Cause of Fall
  • Germanic tribes moved into the Roman Empire due to the Huns moving into their territory around 370 AD
  • The Germanic tribes attacked and took over areas all throughout the empire and eventually sacked Rome itself in 410 AD 
• The Huns
  • In 370 AD, the Huns moved into Europe from Central Asia and battled the Germanic tribes
  • In 444 AD, under Attila, the Huns invaded both parts of the Roman Empire
  • The Huns attacked over 70 cites
    • Couldn't get past walls of Constantinople
    • Invaded Rome in 452 AD but failed
  • Attila the Hun died in 453 Ad and so did the Hun's power
• The Last Roman Emperor and the End
  • The last Western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustulus, a 14 year old
  • He was ousted by German forces in 476 AD and Rome fell
  • The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) continued and flourished until the Ottoman Turks took them over in 1453
  • After Rome fell, Europe fell into the Dark Age from around 500-1500 AD 
• Legacy of Rome
  • The Latin Language
    • The basis of many future languages- French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian
    • Many English words have their root in Latin 
  • Roots and aqua ducts
  • Import Roman Laws
    • All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law
    • A person was considered innocent until proven guilty 
    • The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
    • A person should be punished only for actions, not thoughts 
    • Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside
    • Roman law served as a basis for the law of many European countries in the future as well as the United States

Monday: No Class Due to Kuder

Tuesday: No Class Due to ASVAB

Wednesday: NO SCHOOL

Thursday: NO SCHOOL

Friday NO SCHOOL

Monday: We watched videos on Ancient Rome 

Tuesday: ABSENT

Wednesday: ABSENT

Thursday: Watched videos on Ancient Romes

Friday: ABSENT

Ancient Rome Notes:

• The Second Triumvirate-43 BC-33 BC
  • Civil War broke out after Caesar's death
  • The Roman Republic was now completely gone at this point
  • Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew/adopted son), Marc Antony (a general), and Lepidus (a politician) ruled Rome for ten years 
  • Fell apart eventually due to jealousy and violence
    • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
    • Octavian went to war against Marc Antony (Queen Cleopatra from Egypt) 
    • Octavian defeated Antony/Cleopatra in a naval battle of Actium in 31 BC
    • Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide afterwards in 30 BC 
• Augustus and the Roman Empire-27 BC - 14 AD
  • Octavian took the title "Augustus" which means "exalted one"
  • He would usher in the "Pax Romana" (27 BC-180 AD) which means "Roman Peace" 
    • This was the period of time where Rome was at it's peak
  • Augustus' Accomplishments
    • Stabilized the frontier
    • Glorified Rome with awesome public buildings
    • Created a system of government that survived for centuries
    • Set up civil service within Rome
      • Paid workers to manage the affairs of government
• Roman Life
  • Discipline, strength, and loyalty were stressed in Rome 
    • People had gravitas that had these characteristics
  • 90% of people farmed throughout the empire
  • The rich lived by conspicuous consumption 
  • Most people lived in poverty
    • High unemployment
    • Lived in cramped tenements- fires common
    • Government provided grain everyday 
    • Struggled for survival 
  • Slavery was a significant part of Roman life and economy
  • The Romans made more use of slaves than any previous civilization- 1/3 of the population
  • Most slaves were conquered peoples and included men, women and children
  • Children born to slaves also became slaves
  • Salves could be bought and sold as they were seen as property
  • They could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death
  • Some strong slaves became gladiators 
• Gladiator Contests
  • Government put on to appease the poor
  • Provided free of charge during holidays (150/year by 250 AD)
  • Fought in the Colosseum in Rome
  • Animal vs. Animal, Man vs. Animal, Man vs. Man 
• Roman Religion 

Monday: People who needed to finish the test were able, while those who are finished did forum posts. After the test was finished, we discussed politics. 

Tuesday: Had our tests returned to us. Started taking notes on Ancient Rome

Wednesday: Talked about the election that took place and the events that are going on because of it

Thursday: Looked at the electoral maps and continued talking about the political views. Continued notes on Ancient Rome

Friday: Talked more about the backfire of the election. Continued notes on Ancient ROme

Notes:

Ancient Rome (500 BC - 500 AD--Ch. 6)

• The First Romans 1000 BC- 500 BC
  • 1) Latins
    • Built the original settlement at Rome on Palatine Hill
    • This is where Romulus and Remus were found by the she-wolf 
  • 2) The Greeks- 750-600 BC
    • Established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily
    • Brought Greek ideas to Italy
  • 3) The Etruscan's
    • Came from northern Italy
    • Skilled metalworkers and engineers
    • Had a writing system with an alphabet that the Romans adopted
    • Greatly influenced Roman architecture
      • Introduced the arch
    • Outside of Greece,one of the most advanced civilizations in Europe during this time
      • Not much is known about them since there are no Etruscan history documents of literature 
• The Early Republic 600-509 BC
  • The Etruscan's were the group that helped Rome grow into a large city
  • Under the Etruscan's, Rome was ruled by a king until 509 BC
    • King Tarquin the Proud was a tyrant and was overthrown by Brutus, the founder of the Rome Republic 
  • Set up after King Tarquin was overthrown in 509 BC
  • What is a republic?
    • A form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have a right to vote for their leaders
    • Citizens were free-born males only 
  • SPQR- Senatus Populuque Romanus
    • "The Senate and People of Rome" 
  • Patricians and Plebeians
    • Patricians- were wealthy landowners who had most of the power
      • Believed that their ancestry gave them power to make laws 
    • Plebeians- were farmers, artisans, and merchants that made up most of the population 
      • Were Roman citizens with the right to vote
      • Could not hold most government jobs
      • Eventually, Rome's leaders allowed plebeians to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes
        • Worked to protect the rights of plebeians 
• The Roman Republic- The Government
  • Dictators- were chosen by the Consuls and elected by the Senate in times of crisis 
  • They had absolute power for six months to make laws and control the army
  • The Twelve Tables
    • In 451 BC, some officials starting writing down Rome's laws onto tablets
    • These became the Twelve Tables and the basis for Roman law
    • These Twelve tables were held in the Forum- their government building 
• The Roman Republic- The Military
  • The military was a very important part of making Rome into a major power
  • All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the military
  • Legions were made up of large(5,000) groups of infantry
    • Legions were broken down into smaller(80) groups of men called a century
    • A centurion led the century
    • Each legion had a cavalry unit for support 
  • Roman Treatment of People Taken Over
    • Areas right next Rome, such as the Latins, became full Roman citizens
    • In other areas of Italy further away, groups became citizens, but could not vote
    • In areas outside of Italy, groups became allies
      • Groups were able to govern themselves but were expected to supply troops when needed and not make treaties with other groups
    • This lenient policy allowed the Roman Empire to last a long time 
• Rome Vs. Carthage-Punic Wars 264-146 BC 
  • The First Punic War was fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean
    • Lasted 23 years--254-241 BC
    • Rome Won
  • The 2nd Punic War was started by Carthage to get revenge from previous loss 
  • Second Punic War-218-202 BC
    • Hannibal, a brilliant Carthaginian general, led a massive surprise attack on Rome
    • Led a force of 50,000 infantry 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants up through  Spain, France and into Italy crossing the Alps Mountain in to the process
    • Lost nearly half of his men and most of his elephants before reaching the Romans
    • For almost ten years, Hannibal marches his men up and down Italy
    • Had a lot of victories, but ultimately lost when the Romans (Scipio) attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return home 
    • Rome won 
  • Third Punic War-149-146 BC
    • Rome went on the offensive and laid siege to Carthage
    • The Romans burned the city and 50,000 people were sold into slavery
    • With Carthage out of the picture, Rome would continue it's conquests in the upcoming decades

Video Notes:

• 1st Punic War
  • 1/5 of the male population of Rome died in
  • Rome excelled in the navy compared to the Carthaginians 
• 2nd Punic War
  • Hamilcar defeated his own army and hired new mercenaries(upfront) to defeat his current ones
  • Hannibal had to swear never to be a friend to Rome (Hamilcar's son) 
• 3rd Punic War

Monday: NO SCHOOL

Tuesday: Talked about forum posts and voted for the elections. Continued taking notes on Religion

Wednesday: Continued to take notes over the 5 Religions

Thursday: Finished Taking notes over the 5 Religions

Friday: Took the 5 Religions Essay Test

Notes:

• Buddhism
  • Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha) was the founder of Buddhism in 560 BC
  • Buddha means "the awakened one"
  • He grew up in a wealthy family but decided to follow a path of self-denial
  • He did not find truth until he sat down under a tree, now known as the Bo tree
  • There he was "enlightened" and obtained the knowledge he had been looking for
  • He discovered four noble truths and the Eightfold Path to Nirvana, or ultimate bliss
  • Four Noble Truths of Buddhism
    • 1) Existence is suffering
    • 2) The cause of suffering is craving and attachment
    • 3) Suffering ceases at some point and turns to Nirvana
    • 4) There is a path to Nirvana which is made up of 8 steps called the Eightfold Path 
  • Eightfold Path
    • Right View
    • Right Intentions
    • Right Speech
    • Right Action
    • Right Livelihood
    • Right Effort
    • Right Concentration
    • Right Mindfulness
  • Buddhists believe in reincarnation
    • One must stop the cycle of rebirth as a suffering self individual,, and must attain Nirvana
    • About 1% of Americans are Buddhists
  • Buddhism Information
    • Worship Practices
      • Meditation- deep thought and reflection
    • Importance of the Lotus Flower
      • Believer can blossom while rooted in the impurity of the world 
  • Major Buddhist Sects
    • Theravada
      • As close as possible to Buddha's teachings
    • Mahayana
      • More accepting of the changing world
  • The Dalai Lama- The present spiritual leader of Buddhism
    • 14th Dalai Lama
    • Has been the DL since 1950
    • Has been in exile in India since 1959 
• Islam
  • The Islamic crescent and star is the international symbol for Islam
  • Located Indonesia, middle east north Africa
  • Islam means "submission" (to Allah) in Arabic
  • "Allah" is and Arabic word which means "the One True God"
  • Muslims believe that the Quran is God's word as revealed to the prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D.) through the angle Gabriel
  • Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the Messiah, although they do believe he was a prophet
  • Islam is very family-oriented
  • The primary mean of transmitting the religion are through the family 
  • Muslims are people that practice Islam
  • Just under 1% Americans are Islamic 
  • The world "Muslim" means one who submits to the will 
  • Thee are two main sects of Islam: Sunni and Shiite 
  • One of their main differences is in their beliefs about who were the leaders following the death of Prophet Muhammad
  • Sunni, from the Arabic word for "tradition," accepted the succession of Muhammad's elected successors
    • The majority of Muslims in the world today are Sunnis
  • Shiite, from the Arabic word for "faction," believe that leaders must be descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and her husband Ali.
    • They rule Iran and also have a sizable presence in Iraq and Syria 
  • 5 Pillars of Islam
    • 1) Shahada(witness) is the Muslim profession of faith
      • "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" 
      • Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning and just before they go ta sleep at night 
    • 2) Salat(daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5 times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10
      • Face the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 
    • 3) Sawm(fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan
      • Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when Muhammad had the Quran revealed to him 
      • Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived.
      • Not only is food forbidden between dawn and sunset, but also things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts, and sexual activity
    • 4) Zakat(almsgiving) is giving money to the poor
      • This is a compulsory gift of 2.5% of on'es saving each year
      • Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the love of money
      • It reminds them that everything they have really belongs to God
    • 5) Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially able Muslims should make at least once in their life
      • Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims
      • Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12th month of the Islamic Lunar calendar
      • The circle the Kaaba seven times, say prayers, drink from a holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at three pillars(to fight Satan's temptations), shave hair, and run between some hills 
  • Islamic law
    • Sharia Law outlines laws for Muslims and is based from the Quran
    • Many African and Middle Eastern countries law are based on Sharia Law 
    • 5 Major Crimes:
      • Theft, highway robbery, intoxication, adultery, and falsely accusing another of adultery 
    • The "belief" component of Shariah commands Muslims to believe in God, the angels, prophets, etc.
    • In terms of "character", Shariah commands Muslims to strive for traits like humility and kindness, and to avoid traits such as lying and pride
    • "Actions" include those relating to GOd, such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage, as well as actions relating to other humans, such as marriage, crime, and business
  • Food Laws
    • Very similar laws to the Jewish kosher foods 
    • No alcohol, pork, blood no pork fats....
  • Issues Facing Islam Today
    • Radical Islamic Terrorists
      • ISIS
      • Al-Qaeda
    • Racial profiling in U.S.
    • Women's rights 
  • Why do Women Wear Burkas?
    • The Koran calls men and women to 'cover and be modest'
    • The Koran does not explicitly say you have to cover yourself in burkas(etc.)
    • Dress is open to interpretation and has been shaped by centuries of cultures in different nations
    • Some scholars argue that it is a religious obligation, particularly the more conservative within the Muslim world 
    • There are many variations and interpretations of dress as seen in slide 115 

Monday: Finished the Religion videos and started taking notes

Tuesday: Took notes of Religion

Wednesday: Took notes over Religion

Thursday: Took notes over Religion

Friday: NO SCHOOL

Notes

Major Religions of the the World:

• Major Religions
  • Hinduism- 14%
    • 800 million
  • Buddhism- 6%
  • Judaism
    • 14 million
  • Christianity- 33%
    • Christianity 1.9 billion
  • Islam 
    • 1.1 billion
• Animism
  • Animism is the belief that all living and nonliving things in nature have a spirit
  • Animism was the belief system of many early civilizations
  • Animism in early civilizations was often combined with ancestor worship
• What is religion
  • An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, practices and worship that centers on one or more gods
• Polytheism vs. Monotheism
  • Polytheism is the worship of more than one god
  • Monotheism is the worship of one single god
• Judaism
  • Judaism is a monotheistic and the first major monotheistic religion in history
  • Some believe Judaism dates back to Adam and Eve
  • Many historians say that was established around 1800 B.C. as part of a covenant between God and Abraham
    • Abraham would leave UR(Babylonia) and go to Canaan(Israel) 
    • He would be blessed with many sons and his family would be given Israel
    • Moses led the Jews out of Egypt(slavery) around 1500 B.C. 
  • Torah is the first 5 books of the Bible and contain the laws and teaching of Judaism
  • The Ten Commandments are the foundation of Judaism
  • Mitzvoh is a commandment or religious duty. There are several different groups of mitzvat. The 613 Mitzvot are divided in
  • The Sabbath is observed as a day of rest
  • Judaism place of worship
    • les worship in Synagogues or temples
    • Worship is led by a Rabbi
  • The Universal symbol of Judaism is the star of David, the emblem of King David who ruled the Kingdom of Israel from 1000-962 BC
    • A Yarmulke
      • Menorah it is a symbol of the nation of Israel and a mission to be "a light unto the nations"
    • Bar Mitzvah-Bat  Mitzvah
      • Coming of age
  • Ritual, Worship, and Celebration
    • Many Jews make the pilgrimage to the "Wailing Wall in Jerusalem" 
      • Built in the 2nd century BC
        • Remains of a temple that had stood for lose to 500 years
      • Destroyed by the Romans
      • Thought to be the most sacred of places
    • Praying at the "Wailing Wall" signifies being in the presence of the Divine
    • Judaism Beliefs
      • Jews believe that there is a single God (Yahweh) who not only created the universe, but with whom every Jew can have a personal relationship 
      • They await the Messiah, who will be an earthly king 
      • They believe in heaven, but the Torah doesn't say a lot about it and focuses more on how to live your lives (613 Mitzvah)
      • Ten Commandments is the basic code of law
    • Kosher Foods 
      • Foods are kosher when they meet all criteria that Jewish law applies to food 
      • Characteristics that make a food non-kosher:
        • The mixture of meat and milk
        • The use of cooking utensils which had previously been used for non-kosher food
        • The type of animal it is
        • Leviticus 11:3 say that Jews eat all animals that have cloven hooves and chew their cud
        • Six mammals are specifically not allowed:
          • Camel
          • Hyrax
          • Hare 
          • Pig
          • Whales
          • Dolphins 
      • Kosher animals are as follows:
        • cows, goats, sheep, antelope, deer, bison, etc
        • Most fish (excluding shellfish, sharks, octopus, eels, and squid)
        • Chicken, duck, and turkey
        • Milk and cheese are kosher but cannot be eaten with meat or mixed with meat 
      • Preparation
        • The slaughter of animals is designed to minimize the pain- usually done by a slice across the throat
        • This eliminates the practice of hunting for food unless it can be captured alive and ritually slaughtered
        • All blood and veins 
  • Problems Facing Jews
    • Anti-Semitism in history
      • Diaspora
      • Pograms
      • Holocaust- 2/3 of European Jews killed
      • Israel established as a Jewish state after WWII(1947)- Led to several wars and a lot of terrorism in the area
        • Israel vs Palestinians
        • "Land for Peace"
      • Comments from former Iranian President Ahmadinejad and other Middle Easy groups
• Christianity
  • Christians are divided into three main branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism
  • Beliefs are based on the life, teachings, and death of Jesus Christ and founded in 33 AD
  • The cross is a symbol used to represent life, death, and resurrection
  • Jesus Christ's death made salvation and forgiveness of sins possible for everyone
  • Three days after his death he was resurrected and alter ascended to Heaven
  • The resurrection of Christ is celebrated on Easter, which is considered Christianity's most important holiday
  • The first Christians were Jews who came to believe Jesus was the Messiah  
  • 78.4% of U.S. adults identify as Christians 
  • Christian Beliefs
    • Christians believe that they can have a personal relationship with God, and that they are saved by faith, and good works (according to some) 
    • They believe in Heaven and Hell
    • They believe that the Bible is the word of God 
  • Christian Way of Life
    • Fellowship with God
    • Our relationships with others
    • Obedience to God's commands
    • Discipline
    • Goods works 
  • Trinity- God
    • Father 
    • Son 
    • Holy Spirit
  • Holidays
    • Christmas
    • Easter
• Hinduism
  • Hinduism is derived from a Sanskrit word that means "dwellers by the Indus River" 
  • There is no single founder of Hinduism
  • It consists of thousands of different religious groups that have evolved since 1500 BC in that area
  • The Hindu belief is that gods can take many forms, but all form one universal spirit called Brahman
  • There is no single Hindu book of doctrine
    • The Vedas are the primary literary works, containing sacred verse and hymns composed in 1500 BC
    • Two other important texts are the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita 
  • 0.4% of American adults practice Hinduism 
  • Hinduism Beliefs
    • The Hindu belief involves reincarnation of the soul, which is rebirth after death
    • Hindus believe in the conditions of one's present life are due to karma, or accumulated good or bad behavior in past lives
    • The purpose of life is to obtain liberation from the cycle of reincarnation
    • People reach true enlightenment and happiness-Moksha- when they free themselves from earthly desires 
  • Dharma
    • Signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with the universe
    • Includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues, and "right way of living"
    • People are encouraged to practice good Dharma and they may come back into a higher class/better life 
  • Four Stages of Life
    • 1) Ages 12-24 you get educated and trained
    • 2) Ages 24-28 you get married, raise a family, make money, get involved in many things
    • 3) Ages 48-72 you become a mentor to a younger person and start isolating themselves from the outside world
    • 4) At age 72 you end ties to the outside world and get rid of your worldly possessions. Prayer and devotion become very important
    • Mostly aimed at men and is not followed as much as it used to be 
  • 3 Gods- the Triple Gods- Trimurthis 
    • Brahma- Creator
    • Vishnu- Preserver
    • Shiva- Destroyer

Monday: Had a work day on the religions project

Tuesday: Started presentations on religions project

Wednesday: Gone was taking the PSAT

Thursday: My Religion video project was presented and finished up other groups

Friday: No School

Monday: Took part 1 test over Ancient Greece

Tuesday: Took part 2 test over Ancient Greece

Wednesday: Started notes over Ancient Rome and was informed about our new Religions of the World Presentations

Thursday:

Friday:

Notes:

Ancient Rome 

• Story of Romulus and Remus
  • Twins
  • How Rome came into creation
• Rome's Geography
  • The Apennines Mountains
  • Tiber River
  • Advantages of Rome's Geography
    • Close to Mediterranean Sea
    • The Alps and the Apennines Mountains Ranges helped to protect Rome 
    • Located next to the Tiber River
    • Contained large plains making it easy to farm
    • Position made it easier for Rome to conquer other lands and gain new territory 

Monday: Presented Greek Mythology presentation. Took notes over Ancient Greece

Tuesday: Took notes over Ancient Greece

Wednesday: Mr. Bruns was gone watched a video on Alexander The Great

Thursday: Took notes over Ancient Greece 

Friday: Finished taking notes over Ancient Greece test on Monday and Tuesday

Notes

• Ionian Revolt 499 -493 BC
  • The Ionians (Greeks) led a revolt against the Persians after Cyrus the Great died
• Persian's War
  • Fought between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states (Athens, Sparta, Thebes...)
  • Problems started when Persian leader Cyrus the Great took over Ionia in Greece in 546 B.C. 
• Ancient Greece vs. Civilization of Persia
  • Persia was the largest empire in the world at the time and consisted of millions of people
  • Ancient Greece was about 500,000 total people
  • It was truly David vs. Goliath battle 
• Athens and Sparta United
  • Athens and Sparta had been fighting for hundreds of years
  • They now fought not for Athens or for Sparta but for Greece
• Battle of Marathon-490 BC
  • 25,000 Persians
  • 10,000 Athenians
  • Who won?
    • Athenians because of better armor and tactics
    • The Phalanx
    • The Persians were lighting armored and not prepared
• Pheidippides
  • After the battle ended, he ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the Athenians of the victory over Persia
  • Was 26,2 miles (term marathon nowadays)
• Battle of Thermopylae- 480 BC
  • Ten years after the Battle of Marathon, Persia once again invaded Greece
  • Darius the Great's son, Xerxes, made it a goal to destroy Athens
  • The Persians won the Battle of Thermopylae but not before the Spartan soldiers held out for days allowing many Greek troops to retreat
  • The movie 300 is based on this battle 
• Battle of Salamis 
  • At the naval Battle of Salamis, the Greeks destroyed the Persian Navy
  • The Persians were never the same after that and were eventually driven out of Greece
  • After the Persian Wars, the Delian League was established setting up an alliance between the Greek city-states
  • Starting around 470 BC, Greece, and Athens specifically, entered into a golden age
• The Golden Age of Athens
  • 477-431 BC
  •  Came about after Greece defeated the Persians
  • Drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, and science flourished
  • Also known as the "Age of Pericles"
    • Led Athens in the Peloponnesian War 
• Pericles' Plan for Athens(461-429 BC)
  • Three Goals for Athens
    • Strengthen Athenian democracy
      • Increase the number of paid government jobs which benefited people who were not wealthy
      • Instituted direct democracy
        • Citizens rule directly and not through elected representatives 
    • Hold and strengthen empire
      • Helped establish and eventually led the Delian League after the Persian Wars
        • Alliance of Greek city-states
      • Grew Athens navy
      • Started dominating other city-states which led to conflicts
    • Glorify Athens
      • Used money from the Delian League to buy gold, marble, and ivory
      • Used money from the Delian League to hire artists, architects, and workers to build buildings and sculptures
      • Phidias was hired to build the Parthenon
      • Greek sculptors focused on beauty, not realism
      • Classical art focused on simplicity and being well proportioned 
• Greeks Drama-Tragedy and Comedy
  • A tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
    • The hero was an important person and often gifted with extraordinary abilities
    • A tragic flaw usually caused the hero's downfall, usually excessive pride
  • A comedy contained scenes filled with humor
    • Playwrights often made fun of politics and respected people and ideas of the time
    • Aristophanes was a famous writer of comedies
    • The fact that Athenians could listen to criticism of themselves showed the freedom that existed in democratic Athens 
• The Start of Recording/Keeping Records
  • History 
  • Herodotus pioneered the accurate reporting of events
  • Thucydides believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time 
    • the approaches Thucydides used in his work still guide historians today
    • Studying those events and situations would aid in understanding the present
• Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
  • Fought between Athens and Sparta
  • Came about as a result of Sparta not liking Athens growth of wealth and power in the area
  • Athens was acting like a bully
  • Sparta had a better army, Athens had a better navy
  • With the help of a plague that hit Athens, Sparta eventually won
• King Philip of Macedon 382-336 BC
  •  Goal was to take over all of Greece and then to get revenge by taking over the Persian Empire
  • Became king of Macedon in 359 BC 
• Macedonians
  • Lived in mountainous villages, not city-states
  • Macedonians considered themselves to be Greek but were looked down upon by the big city-states
  • Philip II built up his military and eventually invaded and defeated the Greek city-states
  •  Used the phalanx and cavalry to great effect
• Alexander the II of Macedon 356-323 BC "Alexander the Great" 
  • Took over for his father, Philip, in 336 BC
  • Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding by a former bodyguard(Pausanias) 
  • Ruled Greece and it's empire for only 13 years (336-323 BC)
  • Due to his great accomplishments, became known as Alexander the Great 
  • Was taught by Aristotle
  • Died from high fever-possibly from typhoid fever or malaria 
  • After taking power, Alexander eliminated his opponents to the throne and then moved to consolidate Greece
  • Alexander then turned east to take over of the Persian Empire and achieve the goal of his father 
  • After losing some battles, Darius III retreated quickly and offered Alexander all lands west of the Euphrates River 
  • Alexander the Great refused Darius III's offer and announced he would take the entire Persian Empire
  • In 332 BC, Alexander the Great moved into Egypt and "liberated" Egypt from the Persians
    • The Egyptians crowned Alexander pharaoh
    • Founded the Egyptian city of Alexandria
  • After conquering Egypt, Alexander moved into Mesopotamia and finished the job of defeating Darius III and the Persians
    • The capital city of the Persian Empire, Persepolis (in Iran), was burned by Alexander as possible revenge for the Persians burning Athens 
  • Alexander would continue east into India where he eventually ran into a strong Indian army
  • His troops were tired-fighting  for 11 years and traveled more than 11,000 miles
  • Even after defeating the Indian army in a battle, the monsoons of India were having an impact and Alexander agreed to turn back west
  • Alexander would die from disease not long after 
• Alexander the Great's Legacy
  • Greek Empire split into three sections 
    • Greek city-states led by Antigonus 
    • Egypt led by Ptolemy 
    • Former Persian Empire ruled by Seleucus 
  • Leaders all ruled with absolute power
  • Cultural diffusion between east and west
• Rise of Philosophers
  • A philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life 
  • After losing to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, people in Athens turned to philosophers for answers
  • Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle 
  • Socrates 470-399 BC
    • Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece
    • Socrates taught by asking questions
    • This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method 
    • Put on trial and found guilty for "corrupting the youth of Athens"
      • Put to death-hemlock
    • "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance" 
  • Plato
    • Plato was a student of Socrates
    • He started a school called the Academy that lasted 900 years
    • Wrote The Republic
      • The book talked about a perfectly governed society-not a democracy
      • In his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class
      • The person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen king
  • Aristotle 384-322 BC
    • Aristotle was a student of Plato
    • He wrote about science, art, law, poetry, government, etc...
    • Taught Alexander the Great
    • "He who studies how things originated will achieve the clearest view of them." 
• Spread of Hellenistic Culture
  • Hellenistic culture became common all throughout the Greek Empire
    • Greek , Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures mixed
    • Language-Koine
    • Trade
    • Cities
    • Science and technology
    • Philosophy, art, and architecture 

Monday: Took Notes over Ancient Greece

Tuesday: Took Notes over Ancient Greece

Wednesday: Took notes over Ancient Greece 

Thursday: Greek mythology work day

Friday: Greek mythology work day

Notes:

• Ancient Greece
  • Geography of Greece 
    • Greece is a small country in Europe
    • The main part of Greece is on a peninsula
    • Greece is surrounded three large bodies of water
      • Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea 
    • The rest of Greece is made up of islands
      • 6000(227 being inhabited)
  • Importance of Geography to Greece 
    • The sea was extremely important to the Greeks
      • Did not live "on the land" but "around the sea"
      • Most Greeks lived within 85 miles of the sea
      • use the seas  as a means of transportation
      • The sea linked all parts of Greece to other areas for trade with was essential due to lack of resources 
    • Mountains covered around 3/4's of ancient Greece 
      • Mount Olympus home to the 12 God's
      • Due to mountains, transportation over land was difficult
      • Greeks did not have much fertile land for agriculture
      • Due to these issues, ancient Greece never had a large population- no more than a few million
      • These issues might have led some leaders to look to expand 
  • Greek City-States
    • Due to Greece's geography, city-states developed instead of unified country
  • Ancient Olympics
    • Records of Olympic date to 776 BC and lasted until 393 AD when the Romans ended them
    • Lasted one day at first but eventually extended to five days
    • Happened every four years-an Olympiad
    • Started as a tribute to Zeus and has a mythological origin 
    • The modern Olympic Games started up again in 1896 
    • The big competition at the Games was the Pentathlon
      • Long jump
      • Javelin
      • Discus
      • Stadium- 200 yards
      • Wrestling
  • Climate
    • Lowest 50 degrees 
    • Highest 84 degrees on average 
  • Minoan Civilization
    • 2000-1500 BC
    • Heavily influenced by the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations
    • Named after legendary Crete King Minos of Greek Mythology
    • Known for its trade on the seas
    • Due to its isolation on the island of Crete, generally peaceful
    • Known for it's advanced cities-Knossus
      • Not over-crowded, plumbing, toilets, sewers
    • Known for women having much higher status than in earlier civilizations
    • Known for their art and pottery 
    • Downfall
      • Around 1500 BC, the Minoan civilization ended abruptly
      • Historians think it could have been an earthquake which leveled cities and their ships
      • They could have been over ran by the Mycenaean
      • Some historians think Minoa could have been Atlantis 
    • Plato
      • Greek philosopher
      • Only known source discussing location of Atlantis
  • Mycenaeans
    • Controlled the area around Greece from 1600 BC-1100 BC
    • Heavily influenced by the Minoans
      • Much more war-like than Minoans (based on art)
    • Known for their trade around the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea
    • Known for their piracy on the seas surrounding Greece
    • Known for their city-states- Athens, Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns 
    • Historians aren't sure if city-states were independent or more united
    • Mycenaean's did unite to fight the Trojan War against Troy
    • The Mycenaean's fell apart due to wars and the Sea People's sacking their city-states 
    • Eventually the Dorians came down from the north and took over Greece 
  • Dorians- 1150-750 BC
    • Came from the area north of Greece
    • Less advanced than the Mycenaean's 
    • Trade and culture slowed
    • Greece went into a Dark Age 
  • Homer
    • Was a Greek epic poet from 650-700 BC
    • Narrative poems celebrated heroic deeds
    • The Iliad was about the Trojan was
    • The Odyssey was a sequel that was after the Trojan War
  • Trojan War
    • Fought between Mycenaean Greeks and Troy 
  • Key Terms
    • Polis
      • City- Minneapolis, Indianapolis
    • Acropolis
      • A settlement in a city on higher ground used for defense and a place to discuss politics
    • Monarchy
      • government ruled by one person-king, queen
    • Aristocracy
      • government ruled by a small group of wealthy, landowning families
    • Oligarchy
      • a government ruled by a few powerful people
    • Tyrants
      • Powerful individuals who seize control from the government
      • Could be good or bad 
    • Democracy
      • Rule by the people
      • Athens had perhaps the world's first democracy
      • Only allowed citizens to participate
        • Women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens
  • Education in Athens
    • Only for the sons of wealthy families
    • Started at age 7 and focused on developing good citizens
    • Studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, logic, and public speaking 
    • Public debate and athletics were also stressed
    • Once older, students went to military school
    • Girls were educated by their mothers in the home to do cleaning, cooking, child-rearing, etc. 
  • Greek City-State Sparta
    • Sparta was very powerful and had its own army
      • Defeated the Messenians in 725 BC and in 650 BC
    • Unlike Athens and other city-states, it did not have democracy
    • Built a military state
    • Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power
    • Valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, beauty and learning 
    • Social Classes
      • Only men in Sparta were citizens
      • Women were not allowed to become citizens 
      • The third class were helots/slaves
        • Worked the fields or were servants 
    • Warriors
      • Learning to read and write in Sparta were not very important
      • Training to become good soldiers was stressed 
      • Young boys left home at 7 and trained to be soldiers until they were 30
      • Athletics was also stressed
    • Spartan Women
      • Service to Sparta was stressed
      • Received some military training
      • Athletics was stressed
      • Had quite a bit of freedom in comparison to Athens
        • Could run family estates when husband was off at war 

Monday: Received our Greek Mythology presentation topics and had the rest of the time to study for the test. 

5 Greek Mythology Topics

• God- Poseidon 
• Titan- Rhea
• Myth- Theseus Adventures
• Creature- Phonix 
• Hero- Atlanta

Tuesday: Took Ch. 1 and 2 test

Wednesday: Work/study day for our Greek presentations or Ancient Civilizations test

Thursday: Ancient Civilizations Test

Friday: Ancient Greece Notes

Notes:

• Ancient Greece 200 BC-300 BC (Ch. 5)
  • 7 Ancient Wonders
    • Colossus of Rhodes
      • Statue of Helios, Greek Titan god
      • Was made of bronze
      • Same size as Statue of Liberty
      • One of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World
      • Lasted just over 50 years due to an earthquake
      • Believed to be meted down and sold by Arab invaders
    • Temple/Statue of Artemis
      • Is the Greek Goddess of Fertility, hunt, and moon
      • The temple was destroyed several times due to wars
  • • • Current day archaeologists have found the foundations of 5 temples built on top of each other
    • The Statue of Zeus at Olympia 
      • Built around 450 BC
      • The statue was said to be made of gold and marble
      • Eventually destroyed after being taken apart and moved
    • The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 
      • Built around 353 BC
      • Tomb was built by Queen Artemisia as a tribute to her husband/brother King Mausolus 
      • Destroyed by earthquakes in the 1100-1400's AD 
      • All that survives today are the foundation blocks
    • Lighthouse of Alexandria 
      • The lighthouse was built in 280 BC
      • It was the worlds first lighthouse (reflected sunlight by day/fire by night)
      • Most likely destroyed by earthquakes from 956-1325 AD 
      • Egypt is building an under water museum for tourists 

Monday: No school Labor Day

Tuesday: Continued taking notes on dynasty projects/presentations

Wednesday: Continued taking notes on dynasty projects/presentations

Thursday: Continued taking notes on presentations

Friday:

Notes:

Phoennicia

• Political
  • When did they come into power?
    • 2750 B.C.
    • Founding of Tyre
    • 813 C.C.
    • Carthage
  • When did they lose power?
    • 146 B.C.-Fall of Carthage
    • Greeks or Romans destroyed area
    • Turks captured
    • 1516 A.D.
  • Government
    • Kingship, Royal houses claimed divine descent
    • Limited power, powerful merchant families 
    • Council of elders
  • Law
    • Most advanced code of law
    • Destroyed when taken over
    • Admiralty law/maritime
  • War
    • Punic Wars with Carthage
    • Rome and Carthage
    • Series of 3 Wars
    • 3rd war
• Economy
  • What type?
    • Very diversified and complex
    • Relied heavily on trade
  • How people made a living?
    • Trading 
    • Merchandising
  • Social classes
    • King
    • Social Class
    • Middle Class
    • Working Class
• Geography
  • Where it is
    • The base area is where Syria, Lebanon, Israel are today
    • Their control went all across the Mediterranean Sea
    • Live on the east end of the Mediterranean
    • "The Sea People"
    • Around lots of forests and woods 
    • Lebanon mountains
  • Natural Barriers
    • Lived on a strop of fertile land between the Mediterranean and the Lebanon mountains
    • Divided into city-states
    • cities were usually built on islands off the coast (easier to defend)
• Social
  • Entertainment
    • Music
    • Hymn to the Moon Goddess, Nikkal
  • Religion
    • Very important
    • Mandy gods that temples built in their name
    • Offerings and sacrifices were regular
    • Their religion would evolve by the greatest colony-Carthage
    • Kings of Sidon were called priests of Astarte
    • The Phoenician priest was Sanctification from Berytus
      • Many thought he was mythical, proven to be real
    • Main God
      • Astarte
    • Main Cities
      • Byblos, Sidon, Tyre
    • Sidon
      • Baal
        • Most important
      • Artaste
        • 2nd most important god in Sidon
        • Most popular than Ball
        • Many temples 
      • Eshmun
        • 3rd most important
        • Equivalent to Adonis
        • God of healingyblos
    • Worship
      • At temples
      • Worshiped natural sites
        • Mountains 
        • Rivers
        • Groves of trees
        • Rocks
      • Prayer
      • Burning incense
      • Pouring libations
      • Making offerings to gods sacred animals, foods, and precious goods
      • Women would put prostitute themselves in the honor of Astarte
      • At times of danger human sacrifices (children) were made
      • Funerals included embalming or public ceremonies and feasts
      • Some inscriptions in tombs call for the dead not to be disturbed 
  • Language
    • Used a Semitic language (Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic)
    • Canaanite language
    • Through Syria and Egypt and others
    • Not much of text survived except fragments
    • Drew signs and pictograph with a wedge
    • Signs were also used for the phonetic value which represented one or several sounds
  • Art
    • Best known for their small decorative items
  • Gender Roles
    • Women had more freedom than most areas
    • Could divorce and recieve their items
    • Many prostitutes 
      • Low jobs such as weaving textiles and wore//covered by many fabrics and cloth
    • They had little to no say in the government

Sumerians

• Economy
  • Reliant on agriculture
  • Influenced by technological advances in Mesopotamian era
  • Jobs
    • Pottery makers, stone cutters, bricklayers, metal smiths, farmers, fisherman
    • Jobs scaled with the social classes
    • Women had less important jobs and ones similar to peasants
  • Social Classes
    • At the top was the king, owns all land and gives it to his people as a trade for their loyalty and protection
    • In the middle are merchants, skilled workers, and traders 
    • Bottom are the slaves and peasants
• Social
  • Religion
    • Sumerian religion was created around nature and its aspects. 
    • Later they became associated with human forms
    • Eventually turned into city states being associated with gods.
    • The gods weren't the wind rather they controlled the rain
  • Educations
    • School was the temple
    • The priests taught the students
    • Needed to be a wealthy male to receive an education
    • Very few girls
    • School lasted sun up to sun down
    • A lot of the system was writing 
  • Art
    • Made a majority of art out of clay
      • Statues and sculptures of gods
    • The relationships between humans and nature
    • Carve stuck into rock or clay making it their signature/seal
      • Individualized
  • Entertainment
    • Consisted of music, festivals, sports (boxing and wrestling)
    • Board games and toys like jump rope and tops
    • Began writing poetry and creating art
  • Gender Roles Women
    • Depended on social class
    • Lower class
      • Took  care of kids and household
    • Middle
      • Sold clothes that were made 
      • Could open up a tavern with husbands permission
    • Priest
      • Could become priestess
      • Own property
      • Attend legal matter
      • Were given some authority but not much
  • Gender Roles Men
    • Depended on social classes
    • Wealthy
      • Rulers, lawmakers, and priests
    • Middle Class
      • Farmers
    • Lower
      • Slaves and peasants
• Politics
  • 1st Ruler
    • 18 major cities which function as independent states open unified as one civilization under one king
    • From 2900-2800 BC
    • Earliest king authenticated with archaeology is Enmebaragesi of Kish who ruled in the 26th century BC
  • Organized city-states
  • Ruled by a king
  • More formal political structure
    • Government regulated religion
    • Court system
    • Class system
  • Rulers
    • Second early dynastic period from 2800-2600 BC
    • Lugal-Zage-Si was the last ethnically Sumerian king of Sumeria
  • City States
    • Before 3000 BC 
    • Was most likely theocratic 
    • Was ruled by many successive religious leaders or priest-kings who would have to unite the city states when they came to power after the old king died
    • This weakened Sumeria, weren't able to defend themselves from the Akkadians, taken over in 2334 BC
• Geography
  • Located in the southern part of Mesopotamia
  • Directly between Tigris and Euphrates rives
  • Located in what is now southern Iraq
  • Natural Barriers
    • Lacked 
    • Very vulnerable- unable to protect their resources and themselves
    • Did have the Arabian desert to the west
    • Zagros Mountains to the east but were to far to do anything
  • Land Type
    • Very fertile from the rivers
    • Land away from rivers is dry/desert area
    • Helped them strive on agriculture
• Advancements
  • Invented the wheel
  • Cuneiform writing system was the first writing evidence
  • Concept of the hour into 60 minutes and minutes in to 60 seconds
  • Thought to have invented military formations
  • Among the first formal astronomers
  • First to mix copper and make bronze

Assyrian

• Geography
  • Located in the northern part of Mesopotamia- modern Iraq
  • Two rivers ran through Assyria- Tigris and Euphrates
  • North and east of the place were the Taurus and Zagros mountains
  • Soil was very rich and fertile
    • Able to feed a large population
• Economy
  • Mainly farmers and herders
  • Traded with surrounding villages if necessary 
  • Created irrigation for the dryer times
  • Established a tax for states and provinces in
  • Tax on Egypt goods
  • Allowed immigrants to join boosting economy by working forestry and mining
• Political
  • 4500-2400 B.C. complex societies began to form throughout Mesopotamia
  • First society to make militarism a central policy
    • Battering Rams/Digging tunnels
    • Ladders
    • Archers
  • Trade begins- Karum Kanesh- wealth generates stability
  • Hurrians and Hatti hold dominance in Anatolia, Ashur, and north Mesopotamia
  • Shamashi Adad I drives out Amorites and takes over
    • Control major trade routes
  • Assur, Nineveh, and Arbel unite
  • Government
    • Monarchy led by a king
    • Independent states- Own ruler
    • Tax system- Destroyed villages if taxes weren't paid
    • The Fall
      • Over expansion- In 612 B.C. Medes and Chaldeans join together to overthrow Assyrian rule- burned down Nineveh
  • 2nd Rise
    • 33 A.D.- After the crucifixion, Assyrians converted to Christianity
    • Religious Empire
      • Translations from Greek
      • Science, Philosophy, Medicine
    • First university ever- The School of Nisibis
    • 630 A.D.- Arabs sweep the Middle Easy
      • Assyrians convert from Christianity to Islam
      • Timurlane the Mongol ends Assyrian Empire
• Social
  • Education and Religion
    • Education was aimed towards the upper classes
    • Priest and scribes
    • Wealthy families boys
    • Ashurism 
    • Christianity 
  • Art
    • Wall drawings
    • War, Hunting
    • Sculptures of leaders
      • Out of clay
  • Entertainment
    • Music
      • Harps, Lyres, drums
    • Sports
      • Boxing, wrestling
    • Games
      • Board games, rocks as figurines
  • Women
    • Stay at home tasks
    • Provide 
  • Men
    • Work
    • Farm
    • Leather producer
    • Brick Makers
    • Carpentry 

India Harappans

• Economy
  • Wealthy civilization
  • Used gold instruments studded with jewels
  • Received copper, silver, tin, and gold from the Nilgiri region
  • Trade link western Asia
  • Social Classes
    • Brahmin- the Kings and priests
    • Kshatriyas- warriors and aristocrats
    • Vaishya- cultivators, artisans, and merchants
    • Shudra- peasants and servants
• Geography
  • Province of Pakistan
  • Indus valley civilization was a bronze age of civilization
  • One of the 3 early civilizations of the old world
  • Natural Barriers
    • High mountains- Himalayas 
    • Thar Deserts
    • Indian Ocean
    • Dense forests and swamps to the east
    • Ganges river 
  • Farming
    • Farmers made good use of the water from the rivers
      • First farmers to use water from underground wells
    • Grew
      • Wheat and other grains
    • Animals
      • Cows, goats, and sheep
  • Natural Resources
    • Fresh water and timber
    • Gold, silver, semi-precious stones
    • Marine resources 
  • Granary
    • Granary is found on mound F
    • It is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation (Homes)
    • Two rows of six rooms, each room is about 15.2 by 6.1 ft
  • Burial
    • Placed inside a wooden coffin
    • Wore jewelry around necks
    • Grave robbers 
    • If an infant dies they are buried underneath their mother  
• Education
  • Was oral and all writing was written down on bark and leaves
  • Wife would usually teach in the house, would also be the ones to teach religion
  • Created their own writing
  • Used pictograph script
  • Carved in stone
  • Some writings were made on the bottom of pottery before firing

Monday: Took Notes on Chapters 1 and 2

Tuesday: Took Notes on Chapters 1 and 2

Wednesday: Worked on our dynasty project

Thursday: Worked on our dynasty project

Friday: Started presentations on dynasty project

Notes:

• What is World History
  • History of the World
• B.C. and A.D.?
  • Before Christ and anno Domini (Latin for "in the year of our Lord")
• B.C.E. and C.E.?
  • Before Common Era and Common Era
• How old is the Earth?
  • 4.6 billion years old
• Where were the oldest human fossils found?
  • Africa-Specifically Tanzania and Ethiopia
• Who found the oldest fossils?
  • Louis and Mary Leakey, Donald Johanson, Recent Scientists (Name??)
• What are some of the biggest achievements in World History?
  • Invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language, invention of wheels, invention of boats(the sail), art
• Louis and Mary Leakey
  • Searched for hominid remains in Tanzania from the 1930's-1970's
    • Hominid- the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans plus all their ancestors)
  • Found human-like fossils in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (in Africa)
  • This discovery would usher many other findings over the decades
• Donald Johanson
  • Discovered a 3.2 million-year-old fossil of a female skeleton in Ethiopia named "Lucy" in 1974
  • This was the oldest known hominid remains found until 2015
• Neanderthal vs Cro-Magnon vs Modern
  • Neanderthal are not apart of the human ancestors
  • Cro-Magnon are our ancestors 
• Agricultural/Neolithic Revolution
  • Prior to more organization agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants-hunter-gatherer
  • They lived in groups of about 25-70 people
  • No one knows exactly how things changed, but about 10,000 years ago, people started more organized farming
  • Along with planting crops, people also domesticated animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs 
  • As time went on, people started setting up villages, which then, over time, turned into towns and then some into cities
  • As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilization
    • Civilization- An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached
      • A highly advanced society
    • The Five Traits of Civilization
      • Advanced cities
      • Writing/Record keeping
      • Specialized workers
      • Complex institutions (religion, government, economic structure)
      • Advanced technology
  • As cities grew, social classes emerged

Chapter 2 Notes:

• What are natural borders?
  • Bodies of water, mountains, rivers
• Why are defensible borders important for civilization to thrive?
  • Less worry of attack from different angles
• What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization?
  • Rivers, oceans, lakes, deserts, and mountain ranges
• Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 B.C.
• Fertile soil, mild climate, waterway for transportation, water for crops and drinking
• Provided for abundant crops and food surpluses

Ch. 2.1 Vocab

• Fertile Crescent
• Mesopotamia
  • Greek for "land between the rivers" first good civilization
• City-state
  • a city and the surrounding territory it controls
  • functioned like an independent country
• Dynasty
  • A series of rulers from a single family-father to son
• Cultural diffusion
  • process in which ideas spread from one culture to another
• Polytheism
  • belief in many gods
• Monotheism
  • belief in only one god
• Empire
  • group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler

 Ch. 2.2 Vocab

• Delta
  • A broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt where a river runs into a bigger body of water
• King Narmer
  • King of Egypt that many believe united Upper and Lower Egypt
• Pharaoh
  • The god-kings of Egypt -Seen as almost as powerful as the gods of the heavens
• Theocracy
  • Government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god
• Pyramid
  • Huge structure where the Egyptian pharaohs are placd after they die
• Mummification
  • The process of drying and embalming a corpse to prevent decay
  • Usually reserved for royalty and the rich
• Hieroglyphics
  • Egyptian form of writing
• Papyrus
  • What Egyptians wrote on. Came from papyrus reeds found in marshy areas

Ch. 2.3 Vocab

• Indian Subcontinent
  • The landmass that includes Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
• Monsoon
  • Seasonal winds that can bring dry air or heavy rain-huge impact on India

Ch. 2.4 Vocab

• Dynastic cycle
  • The rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties
• Mandate from Heaven
  • A just ruler that has approval from the gods
  • An unjust ruler can lose their mandate to rule
• Feudalism
  • A political system in which the king gives land to nobles/lords and in returns, they vow loyalty and military service to the king
  • Used in China, Japan, and Europe
  • Feudal Society
    • King
    • Nobles and Lords
    • Knights
    • Peasants/Serfs

Presentation Notes:

Ancient Egypt

• Political
  • Depended in 2 important factors
    • Pharaohs and agriculture
  • Pharaoh
    • Appointed other officials
    • Highest officials took orders directly from the king
  • Agriculture
    • Foundation of Egyptian government
  • Famous King
    • Narmer
      • 1st Dynasty
      • United upper and lower Egypt
    • Snefru
      • 4th dynasty
      • Built first true pyramid
• Economic
  • Agriculture
    • Wheat
    • Barley
    • Flax
  • No money system bartered
  • Debens, 90 grams of metal
  • Crafts
    • Jewlry
    • Perfume
    • Pottery
    • Baskets 
    • Rope
  • Major Exports
    • Gold
    • Wheat 
    • Barley
    • Papyrus sheets
  • Major Imports
    • Metals
    • Lapis Lazuli
    • Horses/Cattle
  • Jobs
    • Scribes/Official jobs
    • Farming
    • Craftsman
    • Merchants/Traders
  • Social Classes
    • Pharaoh 
    • Nobility 
    • Priest and Physicians
    • Artist/Craftsman
    • Farmers
    • Slaves
• Geography
  • Considered Egypt the "gift of the Nile"
  • 'Black Land'
    • Only land they could farm on
    • Rich layer of silt
  • 'Red land'
    • Barren desert
    • Protected Egypt on both sides
    • Provided with precious metal
• Social
  • Religion
    • Based on gods and goddesses and their powers
    • When there was lower and upper Egypt both kingdoms had their own religions When they became one of many of the religious beliefs and cultures were combined
    • Believed that all the forces of nature could be identified as children of a creator god
  • Education
    • Mostly boys from wealthy families started at age 7
    • Boys were taught to read, write, and some math
    • Some girls did go to school
    • Girls normally learned household responsibilities 
    • Majority did not receive and education
    • All royal children were given the same education
      • Reading, writing, math, Hieroglyphics, history, geometry, geography
  • Art
    • Was created to show the king as a pharaoh
    • Represented man, nature, and the environment
    • The art was either on the walls or carved in relief
      • carved way from the slate background
    • Types
      • Pyramids/tombs/temples
      • Sculpture/Staturias
      • Relief sculpture and painting
  • Entertainment
    • Board games- dice were a typical component
    • Athletic games
      • wrestling, javelin throw, hockey, and tug of war
    • Danced and sang in the Nile
  • Gender Roles
    • Women
      • Bore and raised children
      • Responsible for familiar and domestic relationships
      • Tend to husbands
      • Domesticated
    • Men
      • Taught sons how to do the family trade
      • Responsible for artistic work
      • Seen as leaders of society
• Advances
  • Ships
  • Geometry
  • Hieroglyphics
  • Papyrus
  • Ink
  • Solar Calender

Monday:

Tuesday:

Wednesday:

Thursday:

Friday:

Notes:

• What is World History
  • History of the World
• B.C. and A.D.?
  • Before Christ and anno Domini (Latin for "in the year of our Lord")
• B.C.E. and C.E.?
  • Before Common Era and Common Era
• How old is the Earth?
  • 4.6 billion years old
• Where were the oldest human fossils found?
  • Africa-Specifically Tanzania and Ethiopia
• Who found the oldest fossils?
  • Louis and Mary Leakey, Donald Johanson, Recent Scientists (Name??)
• What are some of the biggest achievements in World History?
  • Invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language, invention of wheels, invention of boats(the sail), art
• Louis and Mary Leakey
  • Searched for hominid remains in Tanzania from the 1930's-1970's
    • Hominid- the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans plus all their ancestors)
  • Found human-like fossils in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (in Africa)
  • This discovery would usher many other findings over the decades
• Donald Johanson
  • Discovered a 3.2 million-year-old fossil of a female skeleton in Ethiopia named "Lucy" in 1974
  • This was the oldest known hominid remains found until 2015
• Neanderthal vs Cro-Magnon vs Modern
  • Neanderthal are not apart of the human ancestors
  • Cro-Magnon are our ancestors 
• Agricultural/Neolithic Revolution
  • Prior to more organization agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants-hunter-gatherer
  • They lived in groups of about 25-70 people
  • No one knows exactly how things changed, but about 10,000 years ago, people started more organized farming
  • Along with planting crops, people also domesticated animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs 
  • As time went on, people started setting up villages, which then, over time, turned into towns and then some into cities
  • As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilization
    • Civilization- An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached
      • A highly advanced society
    • The Five Traits of Civilization
      • Advanced cities
      • Writing/Record keeping
      • Specialized workers
      • Complex institutions (religion, government, economic structure)
      • Advanced technology
  • As cities grew, social classes emerged

Chapter 2 Notes:

• What are natural borders?
  • Bodies of water, mountains, rivers
• Why are defensible borders important for civilization to thrive?
  • Less worry of attack from different angles
• What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization?
  • Rivers, oceans, lakes, deserts, and mountain ranges
• Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 B.C.
• Fertile soil, mild climate, waterway for transportation, water for crops and drinking
• Provided for abundant crops and food surpluses

Ch. 2.1 Vocab

• Fertile Crescent
• Mesopotamia
  • Greek for "land between the rivers" first good civilization
• City-state
  • a city and the surrounding territory it controls
  • functioned like an independent country
• Dynasty
  • A series of rulers from a single family-father to son
• Cultural diffusion
  • process in which ideas spread from one culture to another
• Polytheism
  • belief in many gods
• Monotheism
  • belief in only one god
• Empire
  • group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler

 Ch. 2.2 Vocab

• Delta
  • A broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt where a river runs into a bigger body of water
• King Narmer
  • King of Egypt that many believe united Upper and Lower Egypt
• Pharaoh
  • The god-kings of Egypt -Seen as almost as powerful as the gods of the heavens
• Theocracy
  • Government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god
• Pyramid
  • Huge structure where the Egyptian pharaohs are placd after they die
• Mummification
  • The process of drying and embalming a corpse to prevent decay
  • Usually reserved for royalty and the rick
• Hieroglyphics
• Papyrus

Ch. 2.3 Vocab

• Indian Subcontinent
• Monsoon

Ch. 2.4 Vocab

• Dynastic cycle
• Mandate from Heaven
• Feudalism

Monday: Finished Vietnam Notes started our 1980's presentation

Tuesday:

Wednesday:

Thursday:

Friday:

Vietnam Notes:

• Peace??
  • The peace agreement did not last
  • In March, 1975, the North invaded the South
  • The South was not strong enough and fell quickly
  • Saigon, the South's capital fell on APril, 30, 1975
  • US did not live up to it's promise to come to their aid if the North attacked North Vietnam united both North and South Vietnam on July 2, 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh  City in honor of the former president of North Vietnam
  • Vietnam is still communist today

Monday: Continued Decade presentations

Tuesday: Decades Presentations

Wednesday: Decades Presentations

Thursday: Decades Presentations started Vietnam Notes

Friday:  Vietnam Notes

Notes- 1950's

• Presidents/Campaigns
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower- 1953-1961
    • 5 Star War General
    • No one really knew what party he was apart of until he ran for president
    • Known as "Ike"
    • Created the interstate system
    • Was able to instill peace during war
    • Platform
      • Originally, the REpublican party tried to nominate Taft but they realized that he had isolationist interests and wanted out of NATO, so they called in Eisenhower who they knew was extremely popular and would be victorious
      • Campaign was structured to criticize Korea, communism,
    • Accomplishments
      • Booming economy
      • Balanced budget
      • Aerospace programs
      • Moderate domestic policy
      • Gains in civil rights
      • Gains in education
• Civil Rights Movements
  • 1950- "Separate but Equal"
    • Herman Sweatt vs. Theophilus paint
    • Refused admission
    • School of Law of University of Texas
    • 6 months Was admitted into University
  • 1954- Brown vs. Board of Education
    • Challenged "Separate but equal"
    • Racial segregation in public schools
  • 1955- Rosa Parks
    • Refused to give up seat
    • 381 day boycott
    • 1956 supreme court- banning segregation on public transportation.
  • 1955- Montgomery Bus Boycott
    • Rosa Parks
  • 1956- Supreme Court upholds an Alabama district court ruling in favor of the Montgomery bus boycotters
    • Banned segregation on public transportation
  • Civil Rights Act of 1957
    • Creates the Civil Rights Commission
    • Authorizes the Justice Department to investigate cases
    • African-Americans being denied voting rights in the south

Vietnam War Notes:

• The French Connection
  • France gained control of Indochina in a series of colonial ars
  • During WWII, Vichy France collaborated with occupying Imperial Japanese forces
  • Vietnam was under Japanese control during WWII, Vichy French continued to serve as official administrators
  • Japanese surrendered, French fought for control of former colony 
• Ho Chi Minh 
  • Dressed poorly 
  • Very wealthy
  • Asked to be independent from France
    • Left in disgust to Russia
• Geneva Conference- 1954
  • Vietnam was partitioned temporarily into a Northern and SOuth zone of Vietnam in the 17th parallel
  • The North was to be ruled by Ho Chi Minh while so Emperor Bao
  • Set up elections to unify the country by July, 1956
  • Such elections were never held because neither side wanted to lose.
• Who fought?
  • The United States Armed Forces
  • The Arm of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN- the South Vietnamese Army)
  • The NFL, a  group of SOuth Vietnamese guerilla fighters (Vietcong)
  • The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN- the Northern Vietnamese Army, pronounces Pahvin)
• Escalation 1957-1975
  • Under escalating, U.S. involvement increased over a period of years. Started with the deployment of non-combatant military advisors to the South Vietnamese army.
  • Then started using special forces (Green Berets) for commando-style operations. 
  • Use of regular troops whose purpose was to be defensive only.
  • Use of regular troops in offensive combat.
  • Once U.S. troops were in active combat, escalation shifted to the adding of more U.S. troops 
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
  • Several U.S. ships were supposedly attacked by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Gulf of Tonkin.
  • August 7, 1964 Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin, this gave President Johnson the power to wage war
  • President Johnson and General William Westmoreland kept saying that with more troops we will win the war. 
  • Most Americans tend to believe this at first
  • The American public's faith was shattered, on Jan. 30, 1968, when the enemy supposedly on the verge of collapse, mounted the Tet Offensive in which nearly every major city in South Vietnam was attacked
  • Named after the lunar new year festival which is the most important Vietnamese holiday in South Vietnam
  • Although we crushed the enemy militarily, the surprising huge offensive attack from an enemy that was supposedly almost defeated convinced many Americans that victory was impossible.
  • There was an increasing belief among people that the government was misleading the American people about a war
  • When General Westmoreland called for more troops to be sent to Vietnam after the Tet Offensive, more and and more people started protesting.
  • The support of the government and war effort suffered even more when the New York Times published the Pentagon Papers.
  • It was top-secret historical study about the war, that showed how the government was misleading the U.S. public in all stages of the war.
• Operation Rolling Thunder
  • Was the codename for the non-stop bombing raids in North Vietnam conducted by the United States armed forces
  • Its purpose was to destroy the will of the North Vietnamese to fight, to destroy industrial bases and air defensive and to stop the flow of men
• Anti-War
  • Tet Offensive
  • Pentagon Papers
  • Injuring/killing innocent people (My Lai Massacre)
  • Supporting a bad government in South
  • The power of the press
  • Napalm Attacks
• Kent St. 
  • Protesting in the college campus
  • One of the most famous protests
  • Threw rocks and killed 7 students 
• My Lai Massacre March 1968
  • US soldiers killed 504 Vietnamese civilians
  • The dead civilians included 50 age 3 or younger, 69 between 4 and 7, and 27 in their 70's or 80's
  • Women were raped and bodies mutilated
• How did people get out of serving?
  • Went to Canada or Sweden
  • Went to college (student deferment)
  • Got married
  • Medically unfit for service
  • Joined the National Guard or Peace Corps
  • Claimed to be homosexual
  • Being rich 
• Nixon and Vietnam
  • Nixon Called for the "vietnamization" of the war.
  • "Peace and Honor"
  • Gradually pull US troops out and train the ARVN to take our place in fighting in North.
  • Expanded the war into Laos and Cambodia leading to college protests (Kent St.)

Monday: Forum posts and Korean War

Tuesday: Decades presentations

Wednesday: Decades presentations

Thursday: Decades project work day

Friday: Decades presentations

1950's Notes:

• Women Fashion
  • Unpadded, rounded shoulders, shapely bust lines, closely-defined waistlines, and fully, billowy skirts
  • Blouses, jeans, and long narrow skirts
  • Boxy structure of 1940's women's fashion came to an end in the 1950's as Christian Dior's soft, rounded "New Look'
  • Gained popularity in America
  • Defined waist, vibrant colors
• Men Fashion
  • With men back from war, women focused on role as homemakers, looked for clothing easy to wash and keep neat
  • Fashions changed very little throughout the decade
  • Choices were suits, sport coats, slacks sweaters, or casual wear all in similar fabrics and styles 
  • Rebellious looks
  • Leather motorcycle jackets, 
• Women/men hairstyles
  • 1950's hairstyles were slick, tall, and sometimes with artful wave, swoops, and curls (Men)
  • The Italian Cut
  • Curled and waved hair (bubble cut, poodle cut)
  • High pony (w/ long hair)
  • Bob Straightening (African Americans)
  • Wigs 
  • Hats, hairpins, headbands
• Teenage Clothing
  • People experimented with different looks
  • Teenagers dressed more casually than their parents (they got to experiment)
  • Rolling of pants
• Fads
  • Smoking 
  • Dancing
  • Drive in movies
  • 30D movies
  • Hula hoop
  • TV
  • Poodle Skirts
  • The twist
  • Soda fountains
  • Mr. Potato Head
  • yo-yo
• Music
  • Influence of radio created the mass market for music
  • WWII casued great social upheaval
  • Rock dominated the charts 
  • Jazz
  • Rock and Roll
    • Elvis Presley "Jailhouse Rock"
    • Buddy Holly "Preggy Sue"
    • Johnny Cash "Ring of Fire"
    • Connie "Francis "Who's Sorry NOw'
  • Swing 
    • Duke Ellington "Take the A Train"
    • Ella Fitzgerald "Summertime"
    • Count Basie "Jumpin at the Woodside"
  • Blues
    • Ray Charles "The Right Time
  • Country
    • Patsy CLine "Walkin after Midnight"
    • Chet Atkins "Mister Sandman"
  • Jazz

Monday: Forum posts and took Cold War Notes

Tuesday: Cold War Notes

Wednesday: Cold War Notes

Thursday: Cold War Notes

Friday: Cold War Notes

Cold War Notes

• Second Red Scare-1947-1957
  • Causes:
    • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial
      • Found guilty of spying for the Soviets-executed in 1953
    • The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe-1945
    • The USSR detonating their atomic bomb-1949
    • China becoming communist in 1949
    • The kOrean War starting in 1950-Domino Effect
    • Stalin's actions in Germany- Berlin Blockade
• Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act)
  • Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government
  • Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government
  • Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists, Anarchists, and fascists
  • Prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until the Supreme Court decision declared law unconstitutional in 1957
• McCarthy and McCarthyism
  • Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin
  • In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to have a list of 205 communists
• McCarthy's Downfall
  • McCarthy's downfall finally began in Oct. 1953, when he started to investigate "communist infiltration into the military'
  • This was the final straw for President Dwight D. Eisenhower who realized that McCarthy's movement needed to be stopped
  • In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges 
  • McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism
• McCarthyism
  • The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.
• House Un-American Activities Committee-HUAC-1945-1975
  • This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood
  • The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda
  • they set up hearings to investigate the movie industry
  • Hollywood Ten
    • Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine
• US Test Hydrogen Bomb- 1952
  • 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb
  • Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

• Cuba
  • Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista
  • Bay of Pigs- 1961
    • What was it?
      • Invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro Cubans. Went to overthrow Fidel Castro
    • What were the results?
      • They were captured and we had to trade with them
      • Failed invasion
    • How did it hurt President Kennedy?
      • The attack led back to the US which made us look bad
  • Cuban Missile Crisis- October, 1962
  • Range of Soviet Missiles launched From Cuba
    • The Compromise
      • The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba
      • The US would promise never to invade Cuba
      • The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within six months
  • Leonid Brezhnev- 1964-1982
    • Replaced Castro
• Ronald Reagan becomes President 1981
  • Ran on a very strong anti-communist platform
  • Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan
• Yuri Andropov-USSR Leader- 1982
• Konstantin Chernenko Take over 1985
• Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR- 1985
• Perestroika and Glasnost-1985
• Berlin Wall Comes Down- Nov. 9, 1989
• Boris Yeltsin- President of Russia 1991-1999
• Discussion
  • Why did we win?
    • We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn't
    • China started siding with us after 1972
    • The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US's was flourishing
      • Huge deficit
      • High inflation
      • Corruption
      • Social problems
      • Shortage of basic needs (food, housing)
    • The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan
    • Gorbachev's willingness for change and reform
      • glasnost and perestroika
      • admitted Soviet mistakes
      • took blame for the Cold War
      • Communist system had failed
      • allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted
    • Arms Reduction Talks
      • SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings
    • Soviet Mistakes
      • Invasion of Afghanistan
      • ignoring social concerns
      • spent everything on military
• Post-Cold War
  • In the 1990's, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
  • We didn't have any major threat to worry about
  • President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of US military
  • 9-11 caught the US off guard
• Cease-Fire Signed-Minsk 2